<p>^ First, D is the answer to all three questions. Wow, your questions are good but they will take some time to answer. Let me begin with the thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. All three are important.</p>
<p>First, the thalamus. The thalamus serves as the major sensory relay center for the brain. Here’s how one textbook author describes how the thalamus works: “Like an air traffic control center that receives information form all aircraft and then directs them to the appropriate landing or takeoff areas, the thalamus receives input from nearly all the sensory systems and then directs this information to the appropriate cortical areas. For example, while you are reading this page, your thalamus sends incoming visual signals to the visual area of your cortex. While listening to music, the information is transferred to the auditory area of your cortex … Injury to the thalamus can cause deafness, blindness, or loss of any other sense EXCEPT SMELL.” I’ll describe the amygdala and hippocampus in the next post. I hate it when the post times out!</p>
<p>The hippocampus is involved in forming and retrieving memories. The amygdala is a limbic structure linked to the production and regulation of emotions, especially aggression and fear. I’ll describe how light waves, sound waves, molecules etc are transduced in a moment.</p>
<p>VISION:</p>
<p>Light sensitive rods and cones in the eye’s retina generate neural signals that send their messages to the brain via activation of the bipolar and ganglion cells. After exiting the eye, neural messages travel along the optic nerve (via the thalamus) to the brain for further processing in the occipital lobe.</p>
<p>It is very important to know the difference functions of the rods and cones. It is also very important to understand how color vision works. Be sure to study the opponent-process theory. Here are two typical multiple choice questions:</p>
<p>Which of the following is true about rods and cones?</p>
<p>(A) Rods facilitate black-and-white vision and cones facilitate color vision
(B) Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the periphery of the retina
(C) Both rods and cones are most concentrated at the blind spot of the retina
(D) Rods and cones are distributed evenly throughout the retina
(E) Rods are more useful than cones for perception in well-lit areas</p>
<p>The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the</p>
<p>(A) blue-yellow system
(B) red-green system
(C) process of visual summation
(D) bipolar cells
(E) secretion of rhodopsin</p>
<p>HEARING:</p>
<p>As sound waves travel through the cochlea, the hair cells on the basilar membrane bend from side to side. This movement stimulates the cells to transduce the mechanical energy of the sound waves into electrochemical impulses that are carried by the auditory nerve (via the thalamus) to the temporal lobes.</p>
<p>Be sure to know the structure and function of the cochlea. Here is a typical question:</p>
<p>The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the</p>
<p>(A) semicircular canal
(B) ossicle
(C) pinna
(D) cochlea
(E) oval window</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>A. Cones do color, rods do black and white. Cones cluster near the center of the eye, besides where the optic nerve and fovea meet at the blind spot.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>That’ll be B.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>D, cochlea.</p>
<p>^ All correct! I’ll post some more questions in a few minutes.</p>
<p>
Isn’t the second question E - standardization? I thought factor analysis is associated with trait analysis not intelligence. It allows researchers to use correlations between traits in order to see which traits cluster together as factors. I also thought that standardization is for testing intelligence. Like IQ and SAT. Is there something wrong with my study guide?</p>
<p>Thank you so much for these questions, dark knight! I’m taking psych in school, but studying through this method is undoubtedly an efficient way to prepare, as it weeds out any and all unnecessary information.</p>
<p>^Happy to help! </p>
<p>Cognitive theorists emphasize the</p>
<p>(A) powerful unconscious impulses that are the driving force behind human behavior
(B) formation and modification of schemas
(C) impact of rewards and punishments
(D) basic desire to achieve self-actualization
(E) social norms that guide expected behavior</p>
<p>Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder?</p>
<p>(A) Cognitive
(B) Behavioral
(C) Biological
(D) Psychoanalytic
(E) Phenomenological</p>
<p>I’m actually not sure on these. My educated guesses are B and A.</p>
<p>Yep B. Not sure the 2nd one. I think it is B - Behavioral or C - Biological; more confident on the former. Lol, this is the 5th time I edit, I changed my mind as I remembering facts. E is not an approach right?
^^Can anyone answer my question above?</p>
<p>^Aquamarina, I just noticed that you are from Iowa. With a name “Aquamarina” I thought you were from Florida! LOL!!!
Good question about factor analysis. Factor analysis is a statistical procedure for determining the most basic units or factors in a large array of data. Yes, as many texts note it is often used with personality. In fact, thats how they got Gordon Allport’s list ultimately down to the Big Five. However, it is important to remember that factor analysis can be used to study any topic with a large array of data. This includes intelligence. Standardization refers to the norms and uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test. For example, all the procedures you have to follow when you take an ACT or SAT.</p>
<p>B is the answer to both questions. Behavioralists (like BF Skinner) emphasize objective, observable, environmental influences on behavior. Hence they do not focus on underlying causes of behavior such as the subconscious that cannot be objectively studied.</p>
<p>Knowing how the various perspectives differ is very important. Here is another question on this topic:</p>
<p>An important difference between humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic psychologists believe in the importance of</p>
<p>(A) learning
(B) free will
(C) determinism
(D) biological instincts
(E) unconscious processes</p>
<p>B - Free Will</p>
<p>Thank you very much for the questions dark knight. It really really helped.</p>
<p>Here are two Research Methods questions:</p>
<p>Which of the following research methods is being used if the same subjects are tested at two, four, and six years of age?</p>
<p>(A) Cross-cultural
(B) Longitudinal
(C) Cross-sectional
(D) Correlational
(E) Projective</p>
<p>The most distinctive characteristic of the experimental method is that it</p>
<p>(A) studies a few people in great depth
(B) studies subjects in their natural environment
(C) efficiently explore how people feel
(D) seeks to establish cause-effect relationships
(E) offers a chronological basis for conclusions</p>
<p>I have absolutely NO idea what is the answer for the 1st one.
I know the second one though - D seeks to establish cause-effect relationships.
LOL. I better review the research method section.</p>
<p>I am trying to contribute something to this forum. Where is everybody? Let’s see:</p>
<p>What is one of the advantages of a noncontinuous (or partial) schedule of reinforcement, such as a variable-ratio schedule?
A. Conditioning the subject takes less time.
B It defines the unconditioned stimulus more precisely.
C The learning is more resistant to extinction.
D The learning is more resistant to discrimination.
E While satiation is more of a problem with a noncontinuous schedule, it can be accounted for more easily with statistics.</p>
<p>According to Asch’s research, what is the relationship between conformity and group size?
A - The more people in the group, the greater the conformity shown.
B - Conformity increases as group size increases to nine and then drops precipitously.
C - There is no relationship between group size and conformity.
D - Conformity increases until the group has three people and then levels off.
E - In men, conformity increases with group size, but, in women, conformity rates stay constant.</p>
<p>dark knight - B and D</p>
<p>aquamarina - C and D</p>
<p>@Keasbey Nights
Correct!</p>
