According to a recent study , the (domestication of) cats

According to a recent study , the (domestication of) cats (had began) in the middle east over 100,000 years
ago . (NO ERROR)

The answer is C i need to know why?

The verb forms of begin are these: begin, began, begun

If you are using either of the perfect verb tenses (the “have” or “had” forms), you must also use the “begun” form: “had begun”

Alternatively, use “began” by itself, without “have” or “had”.