<p>Age of Jackson 1824-
Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler, Polk</p>
<p>*Social
Reform
Common School (Horace Mann)
Temperance
Indians
Jackson didnt hate, just wanted them out of the way
Indian Removal Act=move Indians east of Mississippi to Oklahoma
Trail of Tears
Henry Clay only protestor
Cherokee appealed to Supreme Court: Worcester v. Virginia
Sided w/ Indians->moved anyways<br>
Texas
Santa Ana becomes President of Mexico->Texas declares Independence<br>
Battle of the Alamo
Texas desires annexation (slave state)
Would upset balance
*Economic </p>
<pre><code>Tariff of Abominations (1828) (milder 1832)
North: happy, increased foreign prices->sold more N. products
West: ok, revenue raised for roads etc.
South: hated, no factories & no roads
South Carolina Nullification Crisis=only tariffs for fed. not regions
Henry Clay negotiates (1833)
Introduced possibility of state secession
Bank of the United States
Good: Stability, requiring banks to keep adequate gold/silver reserves
Bad: corruption
</code></pre>
<p>Due to expire->Clay wanted to extend->Jackson vetos
Money moved to pet banks (chosen by loyalty to Democrats)
Panic of 1837 (Van Buren)
Land only sold for silver or gold
Railroad
Labor demands encouraged immigration
Demand for capital attracted foreign investment
Connected West and East
Communication
Telegraph </p>
<p>*Political
Regional differences lead to 2 party system
South/west: Jacksonian Democrats
North: Adams Republicans
1824=1st modern election (demise of caucus)
Required parties to respond to people and define their issues
More people voted
Lower voting restrictions+people rather than electoral college (congressional caucus) chose candidates=more democracy </p>
<pre><code>Democrats
Jackson
Supported by the average guy
</code></pre>
<p>Didnt believe all men equal, but that all men had equal chance to succeed
Increased Presidential power
Created Spoils system
Changed Qualifications from capability to support
Aided political machines
Corrupted government </p>
<pre><code>Republicans (1st term)
John Quincy Adams
Whigs (named after opposition to British king, like King Andrew) (2nd term)
John C. Calhoun (Vice President)
South Carolinian
Peggry Eaton drew wedge between him and Jackson
Jackson favored VanBuren
Resigned->senator of SC
Favored states rights
</code></pre>
<p>Daniel Webster
Influenced Lincoln
Henry Clay
Divided on major issues: (South & North) slavery, tariffs
Died 1850 (no more Jackson)</p>
<p>Antebellum</p>
<p>*Social
Population Growth
Immigration
Irish: potato famine, NY/Boston, politically savvy, discriminated<br>
Germans: wealthier, better educated, Midwest
Know Nothing Party (American Party)=rejected immigrants & Catholics
Torn apart by North vs. South
Religion
Mormons
John Smith=NY->Nauvoo Illinois
Brigham Young=Utah<br>
Utopian Communities
Shakers=celibacy leads to end of movement
Oneida=based on production of goods, promiscuity encouraged<br>
Brook Farm= based on agriculture
Hawthorne, Emerson,
Women
Elizabeth Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Overshadowed by slavery and Civil War<br>
Slavery
Dred Scott Case=blacks not citizens, no right to sue
Made North mad
Underground Railroad<br>
William Lloyd Garrison=wrote the liberator
Fredrick Douglas=North Star </p>
<p>*Political
Slave vs. Free (already 15 slave and 15 free)
Compromise of 1850 (lots of fives)
CA free state
NM and Utah territories (slavery 2 be settled later)
Texas given $10 million (cover its war debt)<br>
Slave Trade abolished in DC (slavery continue)
Fugitive Slave Law
All blacks at risk
Put off Civil War
Kansas and Nebraska Acts
Where should Railroad go?
Shortest route: New Orleans->Texas->CA
Stephan Douglas owned land in Chicago
(land given to Indians)
Organized area into Kansas & Nebraska
Repealed Missouri Compromise 1820 Slavery decided by popular sovereignty
Bloody Kansas
Killed Whig Party->Free Soil Party & Republicans<br>
John Brown=revolt in Harpers Ferry (hung, martyr)
Wilmot Proviso
Slavery would be prohibited in Mexican territories
Lincoln vs. Douglas
Race for Illinois senate
Douglas made to look pro-slavery (wasnt)
Lincoln made to look abolitionist (wasnt)
Freeport Doctrine=Kansas vs. Dred Scott
Lincoln Elected
States Seceded </p>
<p>*Foreign<br>
Manifest Destiny
Mexican War
Polk wanted CA (but Mexico still angry about Texas)
Captured Mexico city=all but ended the war
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
CA, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, most of New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado
Dropped Claims to Texas
Polk payed 18.25 million
Lincoln disapproved
Henry David Thoreau=peacefully refused to pay tax (wrote Civil Disobedience)->later inspired civil rights groups
Training ground for Civil War 15 years later
Split nation-new states free or slave? </p>
<pre><code> Oregon
54 40 or fight
Compromise at 49
</code></pre>
<p>*Economic<br>
Gold Rush
Massive migrations (1 of every 90 people headed west)
High Costs of supplies + little success=many failures
Big Four=made fortune selling overpriced supplies
Importance of CA led to proposal for transcontinental railroad
Homestead Act=160 Acres anyone who would cultivate
Destitute, ended up being owned by railroad</p>