America's Fastest-Dying Cities: Implications for Higher Education

<p>"Actually, even the OOS yields of top publics would tell you that the publics struggle somewhat, at least compared to the top privates."</p>

<p>It's true. Both types of schools want top students. There is some overlap, but the top publics and top privates don't really serve the same market.</p>

<p>There are people that are going to prefer the private schools no matter what and vice versa.</p>

<p>Some students want more intimate atmospheres. They want a feeling of exclusivity. They want more advising. They don't want to go to schools where they perceive their fellow students as being less capable than themselves. Whatever. </p>

<p>What's really important is that you go to a school where you can be challenged academically to your fullest, you like the social atmosphere, you have opportunities to grow personally, the structure of the school fits you (size, personal attention, etc.), you like the location of the school and the weather. And you can afford the place. </p>

<p>If you have those things, you don't really have to worry about the endowment. The endowment is big enough. You don't have to worry about percentage points in yield. You don't have to worry about rankings. You can worry if you want to, but you really don't have to.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Actually, even the OOS yields of top publics would tell you that the publics struggle somewhat, at least compared to the top privates.</p>

<p>If the public colleges want to retain even that level of attractiveness, money issues will certainly play a role. Fortunately, the leadership at some of these top publics aren't treating this as a "problem that doesn't exist." At the highest levels, eg, these colleges know that for the USNWR Top 20-40 national universities and USNWR Top 20 LACs, the college arms race is not likely to slow down a whole lot.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>DStark pretty much nailed it. These schools serve different markets, albeit with some overlap.</p>

<p>Each school at the top of publics should be considered differently because they have different compositions of student bodies -- e.g., Michigan and UVA have more OOS students than Berkeley.</p>

<p>What strikes me in what you've said on this board, Hawkette, is your assumption that the top publics are engaged in an arms race to attract the top students. This is a view very much informed by what the top privates do; indeed, they effectively "buy" the best in some cases and in other cases they don't need to do so.</p>

<p>Again, I don't know about UVA or Michigan (or UNC/Wisconsin), etc., but I know in Berkeley's case it's actually moved in the opposite direction. For instance, it used to spend a fair amount of effort and dollars recruiting National Merit (either Finalists or Scholars, I can't remember which) folks. But it stopped the practice because it didn't prove to have a lot of benefits above what the normal recruit process yielded.</p>

<p>What Berkeley does is focus on academic research excellence, and it does this quite well. That's why in many fields it is tops.</p>

<p>And then when it comes to undergrad recruitment, it simply succeeds in garnering a lot of interest because it's Berkeley -- and is academically pre-eminent.</p>

<p>It gets a student body with a substantial percentage of really brilliant students. Probably half of the student body, or maybe a third depending how closely you want to calibrate it, are Ivy League and "near Ivy League" caliber.</p>

<p>It gets a much greater number -- and percentage -- of people who are first time college attendees in their families than privates. It wants these and it gives them aid often.</p>

<p>I don't think Berkeley is even all that actively competing in the game that you are saying is an area it is vulnerable and is not doing as well as it would like. </p>

<p>There are many people in California that see no great value proposition in leaving the state to go to schools that have lesser general academic reputations. This is especially true when, in many cases, they would still pay significantly less at Berkeley than these other schools (and of course this is truer of the people from families in the middle income ranges who are good enough to get into top private schools but too "rich" to get good financial aid). There is an element of different "cultures" that go into this decision. Firstly, people in general are less "Ivy crazy" on the West Coast. It's a combination perhaps of generally just caring less, and also because the West Coast has its own "Ivies." And then on the West Coast there are also people who wouldn't really consider a public school for all the reasons dstark articulated, so some of that applies as well. </p>

<p>Overall, what this means is that Berkeley (and probably UCLA) have other worries besides winning cross-admit battles that it isn't even fighting -- or at least not fighting in any direct way. It does really well, and I warrant if the numbers were there would be winning more cross-admit battles than people would realize when they consider the nation as one big national market for education rather than what is: sub-markets where people have greatly differeing senses of where value is. I have seen a lot of this. Among several friends, I can name people who had applied and been admitted to HYPSetc. A couple of examples: friends who got into Princeton and Stanford and chose to stay in-state/go public (Princeton => UCLA) (Stanford = > Berkeley). In both these cases, it was owing to cost; these were people from respectable upper middle class families that balked at the high prices. In many other cases I know, people took a lot of schools off their list without even applying. I had a brilliant friend who really wanted to go to Chicago and would likely have gotten in. He ended up not applying even because he just couldn't justify to himself making his middle class family stretch to afford an education that wouldn't, he felt, be worth the marginal difference. He opted for a UC. And I remember hearing an older friend of mine who is sending his children to some of the most prestigious private elementary and high schools in California that for university they will go to UCs because he feels there are maybe 3 or 4 [his words, not mine] universities that would justify the additional cost for him. </p>

<p>How much do privates fight for yield -- and for recruits? I remember hearing that Chelsea Clinton was calling new admits at Stanford to get them to decide in favor of Stanford. Clearly the schools want to boost yields and get the best students and they are fighting to do so. But I think it's out of touch with what happens at least at some of the top publics to suggest that they care so much about this on the undergrad levels (on the grad level, this is entirely different at least for a place like Berkeley which is fighting for and often "winning" the best students in the world in their respective fields).</p>

<p>Again, Berkeley's mission is different. It focuses on core academic quality. It opens the door wider to undergrad admission -- and it extends a hand of admission to people from lower socio-economic position at a much higher rate than any of the top privates at the same time that its different market position still garners it a fair amount of top-tier students. </p>

<p>Prestige of the kind your assuming (i.e. the kind that redounds to schools that are quite actively trying to manage their yields as so many are) simply isn't going to redound nearly so much to a place like Berkeley -- and yet it still does quite well as an institution.</p>

<p>Let's say tomorrow that Berkeley could "convert" to a fully private type model with all that implies. It would suddenly lose its function as a school arguably in the top tier that is a huge window of opportunity for people with fewer socio-economic advantages. It would still pump out the same number of top-notch engineers and other technically trained graduates which are such a boon to a lot of the industries and companies in the Bay Area. It would still be one of the centers of research that has spun out incredible economic advantages -- and patents -- for the state's economic fabric. But it would lose a key raison d'etre of the university and the system in which it exists, IMO. What "hurts" Berkeley in the kinds of assessments you are trying to make are exactly the things that make it a truly valuable asset to society and the state in which it resides, IMO.</p>

<p>From the standpoint a student considering his or her options for college, I think he or she would have to evaluate according to their own preferences and what they think they'll get at each place. I think there is a huge argument to be made for LACs, for the rarified environment of many private schools. But at the same time I think a lot of these differences are not so clear-cut. It turns out that the student/faculty ratios of 99% of courses offered at Berkeley fairly well match those of places like Stanford, for instance. </p>

<p>There is absolutely no question in my mind that Berkeley is a sink or swim environment good for some and not good for others. I don't doubt for a second that for those admitted a place like Stanford is a more forgiving and coddling environment. These are parts of trade-offs as well, the cost, if you will, of Berkeley pursuing its mission and by and large doing exceedingly well at it.</p>

<p>Again, as I said above, these reasons is why the peer assessment rating is actually entirely appropriate. You don't need peers to make the assessment of all the variables that are already reflected in the statistics of USNWR, but you need to provide an accounting for the core academic excellence that exists apart from these measures, as vaguely specified as it might be.</p>

<p>"What "hurts" Berkeley in the kinds of assessments you are trying to make are exactly the things that make it a truly valuable asset to society and the state in which it resides,"</p>

<p>Bedhead, your whole post has too much logic and intelligence for CC, but the part I highlighted sums it up for me.</p>

<p>Why a school should be penalized when it does something as well as any school in the US is beyond me. Any school. Why Berkeley should be measured by a yardtick that isn't what Berkeley is trying to do is crazy. It's like saying Berkeley isn't a good football team when Berkeley is playing baseball.</p>

<p>Having said all that, Cal, arguably, has more top students than any school in the US. If that is what you want. If you want a different environment than Cal's, go somewhere else.</p>

<p>I'm not sure why Cal is being talked about in this thread. lol</p>

<p>Why are there so many private vs public school debates? Do private school kids' parents think their kids are going to get cooties if they mingle with public school kids? :) Do they really think their kids' intelligence will suffer? :)</p>

<p>As long as the privates keep increasing their tuition 5-6% a year there will be room for the publics to keep pace with increases while quietly building their endowments to over the $10 Billion level in the next decade. Also Ohio and Michigan were called dead way back in the late 70's and ares till around. I would not be so quick to assume they are out of bullets yet. They have great ag resources which are more valuable every day. They might even figure out this auto thing yet.</p>

<p>I'm on the waiting list for the Chevy Volt. I'm hoping the car is great.</p>

<p>^ Bah! The Volt will be an expensive niche car and by no means a game changer.</p>

<p>
[quote]
I think that we would all agree that the per capita financial requirements for many graduate programs far exceed those for undergrads. As a result, some of these endowment per capita numbers may reflect a rosier picture than is justified for schools that have large graduate programs.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I don't know if we WOULD all agree. Some of those graduate programs bring a LOT of tuition revenue. Law, business, medicine, dentistry--tuition at those programs can be high and grant aid is not distributed lavishly. Schools get hard money from their students for those programs, so students are paying no small amount of the freight. Although grad & professional education does command institutional resources, it's not clear to me that grad & professional students consume resources so far out of proportion to undergrads.</p>

<p>UCB, no joking around. You're not optimistic on the Volt? How about plug-in hybrids?</p>

<p>What do you see happening in the next 5 years?</p>

<p>I missed this.</p>

<p>"I think that we would all agree that the per capita financial requirements for many graduate programs far exceed those for undergrads."</p>

<p>When I read stuff like this, I can @@@@@@@ gag. Let's all agree to something that varies with schools, departments and may not be true.</p>

<p>This reminds me of an old MGM musical. "Hey, let's put on a show."</p>

<p>"Great idea."</p>

<p>"Do we all agree?"</p>

<p>"Yes. Let's do it."</p>

<p>Singing and maybe dancing starts.</p>

<p>Actually there is a qualifier. I see the words "many graduate programs". </p>

<p>I have no idea how many many is. </p>

<p>Can we all agree that many is 17?</p>

<p>
[quote=hawkette]
I didn’t write the article and I’m not making this stuff up. The economies of Ohio and Michigan stink and this has real budgetary impact in their statehouses and the way that they fund institutions of higher education.
[quote]
</p>

<p>Oh, I'm not suggesting the economic crisis in Michigan and Ohio isn't real. Heck, I was born and raised in Michigan and like many ex-Michiganders I'm in a sense an economic refugee. But my point is, this is 40-year-old news. Even back in the 1950s and 1960s, boom times in America, Michigan's auto-dependent economy was highly cyclical: "When the nation gets a cold, Michigan gets pneumonia" was what everyone always said when I was a kid, and it was true. Then came the Arab oil embargo in the early 70s, and the U.S. auto industry virtually collapsed; the state was dead broke. The nation went back into boom times in the 80s and 90s; but not Michigan, not really. Oh, things might have gotten temporarily less awful for some, but the auto industry kept shedding jobs and despite all sorts of schemes to try to diversify the state's economy, nothing ever really took their place. I don't at all mean to minimize the economic difficulties facing the state of Michigan, or the strains that puts on the state's budget. But to leap from that to a "sky is falling" doom-and-gloom warning that this spells disaster for the University of Michigan is simply unwarranted, for all the reasons I spelled out above. </p>

<p>Look, the people who run the University of Michigan are no dummies. They've lived through all the economic crises I've just described. No doubt it's been painful to wean themselves from legislative appropriations to the extent they have. But they've done it, because it's been clear for 40 years--I repeat, 40 years---that the state's budget would not be the kind of reliable, constant source of revenue that a great university would need to sustain itself. So basically, they've already been through what you're now "predicting." And as far as I can see, they're in pretty good shape, far better shape than most publics, and far better shape than all but a small handful of elite privates. Do they still have a way to go? Sure, but they're seriously in the hunt now, and their endowment is one of the fastest-growing in the nation. The big-endowment game isn't just for privates any more; they can be beaten at their own game, and many will be. I'm not saying Michigan will ever catch up to Harvard, Yale, Stanford or Princeton, but they're in the hunt and moving rapidly up the charts, and they'll be passing a lot of private institutions along the way.</p>

<p>This thread is about an article that discusses dying cities and their locations, many of which are in the industrial Midwest (I didn't bring CA schools into the discussion; others did). As bc points out, the economic degeneration in parts of the Midwest has been occurring for several decades. I don't remember saying that the sky is falling, but I think we'd agree that there are a lot of dark clouds around. More importantly, I don't think that anyone is denying that this has had significant, negative implications for higher education funding by these state governments. Right? Nor do I think that anyone is claiming that these trends are reversing. In fact, the economic trends looks to be accelerating. </p>

<p>Individual colleges can plan for these developments by seeking new sources of money and by operating more efficiently. In selected cases, this has occurred and some are better positioned a a result of this. It is my impression that these are the exception rather than the rule and that most public institutions don't have substantial alternative financial resources. </p>

<p>It is a fact that, when measured on a per capita basis, the public university endowments remain considerably behind the premier private colleges. It is also a fact that the financial aid policies of nearly all of the publics lag those of the top privates. Part of this might be explained by the different institutional missions, but regardless I believe that it is important and has some downstream impact on the nature of what the undergraduate student experiences. If you choose to believe that these facts are unimportant or that the undergraduate student's needs are secondary to the academic research needs of the university which are funded by government grants, then I guess we will have to agree to disagree. </p>

<p>If I understand their posts correctly, bedhead and others claim that competing for top students, providing intimate classroom settings, offering support of various forms to undergraduate students, etc. is not part of the mission for public colleges and that such metrics are misapplied and not that relevant in judging them. If this is truly what you believe, then this is a critical point of differentiation between the public and private college and what a student should expect from their college as it has direct connection to the quality of one's classmates, the size and nature of the classroom environment, the availability of and dedication to student resources such as advising, career planning, etc, and perhaps even the nature and quality of the instruction.</p>

<p>


</p>

<p>


</p>

<p>If the first quote is true, then stick to UMich and THE Ohio State University. If you want to talk about "all" publics, then UVa, UNC, Cal, & Texas should be added to the list. </p>

<p>But, I do agree with the others: the role of a public Uni IS different. Cal and UCLA do want to keep top instate students instate. The do not care about obtaining geographic diversity by attracting OOS students (which is probably a good thing since the Calif taxpayers don't care about it either.) And, yes, UC financial aid is poor -- by design; merit money is considered "advantaging the advantaged" to steal a popular term in Princeton. There is no doubt that, for many kids, attending Harvard (or Y or P) is less costly than attending Cal at instate rates. Even though they would love to keep top instate students instate, UC administration knows they will lose the cross-admit battle wiht Stanford or even USC which offers merit money. So yes, by design, the UCs at least are in a different market segment than HYPS, or at least the overlap is small.</p>

<p>"I think that we would all agree"</p>

<p>I guess not.</p>

<p>I guess there isn't going to be a show.</p>

<p>That's too bad.</p>

<p>I wanted to perform "That's Entertainment".</p>

<p>blue,
Check the earlier posts. There is no "if" about the first quote being true. And, there are more publics in the Midwest than U Michigan and Ohio State. LOL. </p>

<p>dstark,
I always get a laugh at your inept challenges/attacks whenever something is posted that could reflect negatively on your favorite schools and their prospective fortunes. Change the topic, ignore the metric, belittle the messenger…do anything except address the issue which could possibly reveal a crack in the armor of a favored university. </p>

<p>As for how the funding of a college plays through to the undergraduate experience, one metric that captures this across regions is USNWR's Faculty Resources. How do public universities in different regions compare, eg, those in the declining Midwest vs the growing Sunbelt sections like the South and the West? Could there be any connection between the economic conditions in each region and these numbers?</p>

<p>Faculty Resources Rank , MIDWEST</p>

<p>55 , U Iowa
69 , U Michigan
69 , Purdue
69 , Illinois Tech
74 , U Wisconsin</p>

<p>67.2 , Top 5 Average Rank</p>

<p>Faculty Resources Rank , SOUTH/SOUTHWEST</p>

<p>36 , U Virginia
46 , W&M
50 , U North Carolina
53 , Georgia Tech
53 , U Alabama</p>

<p>47.6 , Top 5 Average Rank</p>

<p>Faculty Resources Rank , WEST</p>

<p>32 , UC Santa Barbara
38 , UC Berkeley
42 , UCLA
55 , UC Irvine
63 , U Colorado</p>

<p>46 , Top 5 Average Rank</p>

<p>Your concern about the public universities in this country is heartwarming.</p>

<p>
[quote]
I didn’t write the article and I’m not making this stuff up. The economies of Ohio and Michigan stink and this has real budgetary impact in their statehouses and the way that they fund institutions of higher education. Attack the messenger if you like, but the fact remains that money is getting scarcer and scarcer.

[/quote]

I have no argument with the Forbe article. It's your deduction that is way off base when it comes to the University of Michigan. Yours not based on facts; it's pure speculation.</p>

<p>Just look at the number of major facilities the university have built in the last 3-4 years and how fast the endowment has grown in the same period. This is not a picture of a university under financial strain.</p>

<p>Hawkette:</p>

<p>Why don't you get these numbers over time, if they are available, so you can track the impact of economic conditions on "faculty resources"? A snapshot is not so useful a body of data from which to draw your assertions, though these assertions seem quite plausible.</p>

<p>So far, what we can see in these numbers is the truism that the faculty/student ratio at public universities is going to be higher than at privates. The faculty resources number says nothing about the quality, and really only refers to the student population adjusted quantity, of the respective faculties and as such you are missing a huge piece.</p>

<p>Additionally, you have made the assertion that declining budgets cause difficulties for public schools. I think everyone would agree with this fact, and clearly some universities have been recognizing this for a long time. Berkeley (which I talk about because I know it better) has been accustomed for a long time with getting less than a third of its funding from the state.</p>

<p>For me, more interesting questions are:</p>

<p>1) What will happen, over time, to the state-funded systems given all related trends?
2) What kinds of students can get as good an education at a solid state university as at solid privates and which can't -- or is it always impossible to do so?
3) Are the USNWR rankings pitched entirely to proving that neither LACs nor large state universities are the best, but that the elite mid-sized colleges within prestigious universities are the best? On the one hand, the way that the rankings are set up is based on arguments that lower faculty/student ratios and such are emblematic of quality, but on the other hand the schools that do the best in this area -- namely, the LACs -- are not included in the rankings.</p>

<p>etc.</p>

<p>Hawkette,</p>

<p>What the heck is "Illinois Tech" ^^?</p>

<p>Arguably, "financial resources" is a broader measure of a school's overall financial strength than "faculty resoruces", especially since faculty salaries, unadjusted for regional differences in cost-of-living, make up such a substantial component of "faculty resources" as reported by US News. It's well known in academia that schools in high-cost markets in the Northeast and California need to pay a significant salary premium just to stay even with their competitors in lower-cost regions. They're rewarded for this in US News because it shows up as a higher ranking in "faculty salaries" and therefore in "faculty resources."</p>

<p>US News Financial Resources rank (all schools in each region listed in US News top 100, listed in order of US News ranking):</p>

<p>SOUTH</p>

<p>UVA 57
UNC Chapel Hill 31
William & Mary 106
Georgia Tech 46
UT-Austin 96
U Florida 40
U Georgia 120
Texas A&M 80
Clemson 96
Va Tech 120
NC State 80
Alabama 192
Auburn 151
Tennessee 53</p>

<p>WEST</p>

<p>UC Berkeley 40
UCLA 26
UCSD 28
U Washington 29
UC Davis 31
UCSB 96
UCI 53
Colorado School of Mines 106
UCSC 106
Colorado-Boulder 132
Arizona 80
UC Riverside 120</p>

<p>MIDWEST</p>

<p>Michigan 29
Wisconsin-Madison 47
UIUC 59
Ohio State 69
Purdue 96
Iowa 59
Miami U (OH) 157
Minnesota 40
Michigan State 92
Indiana 151
Iowa State 106
U Kansas 86
Missouri 114
Nebraska-Lincoln 114</p>

<p>NORTHEAST</p>

<p>Penn State 59
U Maryland 86
Rutgers 59
Pitt 37
UConn 76
U Delaware 86
SUNY Binghamton 207
SUNY Coll of Envtl Sci 72
SUNY Stony Brook 76
Vermont 59
UMass-Amherst 106 </p>

<p>MEAN/MEDIAN by region"
South 90.6/88
West 70.1/66
Midwest 87.1/89
Northeast 83.9/76</p>

<p>TOP Publics in "Financial Resources" (all regions):
1. UCLA 26
2. UCSD 28
3. (tie) Michigan 29
3. (tie) U Washington 29
5. (tie) UNC Chapel Hill 31
5.(tie) UC Davis 31
7. Pitt 37
8. (tie) UC Berkeley 40
8. (tie) U Florida 40
8. (tie) Minnesota 40</p>

<p>Conclusions:
1. Public universities in the West are on average financially stronger than those in the South, Midwest, and Northeast, but this is largely a function of the financial strength of the stronger schools in the UC system, plus the University of Washington.
2. Public universities in the Midwest, South, and Northeast regions are on average of roughly comparable financial strength.
3. More significant than variations by region are variations within regions. In the West, schools vary from UCLA (#26) to Colorado-Boulder (#132). In the South, from UNC-Chapel Hill (#31) to Alabama (#192). In the Midwest, from Michigan (#29) to Miami U (#157). And in the Northeast, from Pitt (#37) to SUNY Binghamton (#207)
4. Sometimes there are wide disparities among public schools within the same state (e.g., Georgia Tech 46, U Georgia 120; Michigan 29, Michigan State 92) or even within the same system (UCLA 26, UCSC 106). In other cases all schools within a state are financially weak (Alabama 192, Auburn 151; Purdue 96, Indiana U 151).
5. There is no evidence in the data--none whatsoever---that the flagship public universities in Michigan and Ohio are in a weaker financial condition than other public universities. Indeed, quite the opposite: among all public universities in the US News top 100, Michigan ranks 3d in financial resources, and at #29 overall it compares favorably to many leading privates---similar to Brown (#24) and Rice (#24), ahead of Notre Dame (#38), Georgetown (#35), Southern Cal (#40), Tufts (#35), Lehigh (#47), Brandeis (#47), NYU (#38), and Boston College (#69). Ohio State at #69 is not quite as strong, but still strong enough to rank 19th among the 51 public universities in the US News top-100, and significantly stronger than the median and mean for public universities in its region and nationally.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Arguably, "financial resources" is a broader measure of a school's overall financial strength than "faculty resoruces", especially since faculty salaries, unadjusted for regional differences in cost-of-living, make up such a substantial component of "faculty resources" as reported by US News. It's well known in academia that schools in high-cost markets in the Northeast and California need to pay a significant salary premium just to stay even with their competitors in lower-cost regions. They're rewarded for this in US News because it shows up as a higher ranking in "faculty salaries" and therefore in "faculty resources."

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I haven't found a good description of "financial resources." I'd like to know what makes up this number.</p>

<p>The first thing that jumps out at me, again because I am familiar with it/them, is how Berkeley ranks several spots lower than UCLA.</p>

<p>Since Berkeley is broadly stronger academically, but they are both in many ways quite comparable in terms of funding, I wondered what accounts for the differences.</p>

<p>My first guess is that there is no effort to take into account the medical school difference. Berkeley doesn't have a med school unless you count UCSF, but these numbers won't have included UCSF. UCLA does. This must greatly affect their respective resources.</p>

<p>Berkeley's endowment is somewhere in the range of $3-4 billion. </p>

<p>If you are going to count endowments, you also have to account state funding as a financial asset for the purposes of comparison. The amount of money a school receives whether it's from endowment income, donations, or from state funding. What I have heard is that the funding received for Berkeley from the state is equivalent to that produced by an $8 billion endowment.</p>

<p>I think it is good to look at all these things, but I wonder in all cases what it is we are actually looking at.</p>

<p>From USNWR:
"Expenditures per student. Financial resources are measured by the average spending per full-time-equivalent student on instruction, research, public service, academic support, student services, institutional support, and operations and maintenance (for public institutions only) during the 2005 and 2006 fiscal years. The number of full-time-equivalent students is equal to the number of full-time students plus one third of the number of part-time students. (Note: This includes both undergraduate and graduate students.) We first scaled the public service and research values by the percentage of full-time-equivalent undergraduate students attending the school. Next, we added in total instruction, academic support, student services, institutional support, and operations and maintenance (for public institutions only) and then divided by the number of full-time-equivalent students. After calculating this value, we applied a logarithmic transformation to the spending per full-time-equivalent student, prior to standardizing the value. This calculation process was done for all schools."</p>

<p>Note: The description does not mention separating out graduate programs and medical school research expenditures.</p>

<p>Hence, this is why universities without a medical school are disadvantaged in the financial resources category.</p>

<p>This has been discussed numerous times before.</p>

<p>^ The category also rewards spending inefficiencies.</p>