<p>Like the other review threads: answer the question the person above asked, and ask a new question. </p>
<p>What happens during depolarization (nervous system)?</p>
<p>SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS SWITCH THEIR PLACES AND CREATE A GRADIENT INSIDE THE NERVE…IDK, I HAVENT REVIEWED…TELL ME IF IM WRONG</p>
<p>NEW QUESTION: What are two examples of a saprophyte?</p>
<p>depolarization is when Na+ rush into the nerve and becomes more positive (-70 to 0) and complete depolarization occurs when enough Na+ is rushed into the cell to make it +30 milivolts. (aka action potential)</p>
<p>While on the subject of nerves </p>
<p>what is repolarization.</p>
<p>BTW love the thread I hope more people participate.</p>
<p>umm repolarizaiton is “reestablishment of the resting membrane potential after depolarization has occurred”?</p>
<p>this is a lovely thread!</p>
<p>What is double fertilization?</p>
<p>Pretty much. Its when K+ rush out of the cell. </p>
<p>Double fertilization is when two sperm fertilizes a substance. One sperm fertilizes the embryo and creates a zygote. The other fertilizes… two polar bodies? I know it creates endosperm. </p>
<p>where is calcium stored in the muscle? What is the storage house (of the calcium) a modification of?</p>
<p>Double Fertilization: Two sperms come together (in plants)
Saprophyte: (Not so sure about this so correct me if I’m wrong) Bacteria and fungus
[Edit] Calcium is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Have no idea what the modification is…</p>
<p>What is a bile?</p>
<p>bile (produced in the liver) emulsifies fats; in other words it breaks it down into smaller fat droplets.</p>
<p>edit: sacroplasmic reticulum is a specialized endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell.</p>
<p>edit 2: forgot to post a question 
hmmm… what are the evidence of evolution? (name all 5)</p>
<p>^ I believe bile emulsifies fat that is in the small intestine, so fat can be absorbed by the small intestine; bile is secreted by the gallbladder.</p>
<p>hmm i forgot calcium storage stuff…</p>
<p>Double is when one sperm fertilizes the ovum, creating the zygote, the other sperm, which is haploid, joins with the polar nuclei to form a 3n endosperm. (I’m 95% sure)</p>
<p>Since all questions have been answered, I’ll just ask a new one :)</p>
<p>What are Okizaki fragments?</p>
<p>@DarkFlame. OK. I never knew that… I learned everything about muscles out of PR. As you can imagine, it wasn’t very detailed.</p>
<p>Okizaki fragments are the little DNA threads on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Joined together by DNA polymerase.
[Edit] Just looked up in a book, they’re joined by DNA ligase, not polymerase…</p>
<p>What is the function of acetylcholine?</p>
<p>double fertilization is when two nuclei enter a tube formed by contact with a grain pollen and the stigma, the tube forms and the two nuclei enter the ovary fertilizing the 1n egg[becoming the zygote] and the other fertilizing the 2n polar nuclei becoming the 3n nutritive tissue[endosperm]</p>
<p>okazaki segments are the segments on the lagging strand of dna during replication</p>
<p>bile is created in the liver, stored int he gallbladder, and than secreted into the small intestine to emulsify fats.</p>
<p>edit: okizaki fragments are apart of the lagging DNA strand that are formed in bits (by DNA polymerase) not 100% sure though. </p>
<p>acetylecholine is a neurotransmitter that sends a message to the muscle to secrete calcium which binds to toporin making the actin filaments move, followed by the bonding of myosin head which moves the sacromere, which makes your arm move. (guess)</p>
<p>Okazaki fragments are formed on the lagging strand of DNA replication. Since DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction, the lagging strand has to wait for the leading strand to open up, and the primase will add an RNA primer at different locations on the lagging strand and DNA pol will add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3 ’ direction, therefore there are gaps in between each fragment(okazaki), since there were made from discontinuous primers. The RNA primers are replaced with their DNA counterparts. The fragments are sealed by DNA ligase when all is said the done.</p>
<p>Acetylcholine is a neurotrasmitter. It is released by the ends of neurons to the synapse of another to continue the action potential</p>
<p>^you explained it better than cliff and barrons haha.</p>
<p>whats a cell-mediated response, and a humoral response.</p>
<p>acetylcholine is an excitatory nuerotransmitter and also activates skeletal muscles and inhibits cardiac muscles (I think). </p>
<p>What are specific amino acid facts I need to know (ex: cysteine forms a disulfide bridge, proline has a ringed structure, etc.)</p>
<p>You don’t need to know any specific amino acid facts. Trust me. That’s getting way too specific. Just know your disulfide bridges, Van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonding in case anything about protein structure comes up.</p>
<p>How do the lungs take in and expel air? Include in your answer information about muscles and pressure gradients.</p>
<p>I think the diaphgram which is curved becomes flat which increases the surface area thus expanding the lungs so you breath through negative pressure. </p>
<p>what is the purpose of nadh and fadh?</p>
<p>When you breath air goes into your mouth or nose, into the nasal cavity, into your pharynx, down your trachea, passed your glottis (and past the epiglottis) into brochis which separates into brochiolies, and finally into the avoli which diffuses into capillaries.</p>
<p>Air is forced into the lungs with negative pressure. When the diaphragm drops, and the ribs/intercostal muscle move up air is forced into the lungs. When the diaphragm moves up and the ribs/ intercostal muscle moves down, air is forced out of the body. (it is forced out the opposite way in which is entered the body) </p>
<p>when you breath our your lungs become a “vacuum” and sucks in air. (air moves from an area of high concentration to an area of high concentration.) </p>
<p>i have a feeling i killed some terms with my spelling.</p>
<p>EDIT: NADH and FADH transport electrons into the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Here it is used to produce ATP with the help of various cytocromes.</p>