<p>I believe its when a bacteria absorbs genetic material around it, and incorporates it into its own DNA. The bacteria than starts producing what ever that gene was suppose to make. For example, people use to extract pig insulin. However, now people transform bacteria so they will make the insulin that humans need. The great thing about this is that the insulin is just like human insulin.</p>
<p>In short, DNA picks up genetic material, combines it with its own, and starts producing it.</p>
<p>what two monosacharrides make up maltose? (haha sooo easy, no cheating!) And Bonus, what is a common use for maltose.</p>
<p>Transformation is the simplest of the ways bacteria are able to modify their genetic information since they reproduce through binary fission. They have receptors that are able to distinguish DNA of the bacteria from well everything else and then the DNA is brought into the cell. Since bacteria DNA is simply present in the cytoplasm there is no need to enter nucleus and the DNA is incorporated into the genome of the bacteria.</p>
<p>Transduction happens essentially by accident. It is when a virus accidentally incorporates the bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA into its capsid and when the virus infects another bacteria the DNA is incorporated into the host. </p>
<p>Conjugation is referred to as “sex” for bacteria. It involves a F factor for a sex pilus that is able to attach to bacteria that don’t have the factor. The plasmid portion of the bacteria can move through the sex pilus into the other bacteria and now the new bacteria inherits this DNA. </p>
<p>QUESTION: Distinguish r-strategists from K-strategists in parenting, development, growth, etc.</p>
<p>Isn’t maltose simply two glucose molecules? I am not sure what it is used for, but because glucose can be used in fermentation production of ethanol?</p>
<p>How doable is a 50% on the frq’s?</p>
<p>For conjugation, I thought the non-plasmid DNA can also be incorporated into the second bacteria, not just plasmid DNA? Because DNA replication is going on during conjugation? Can someone explain that?</p>
<p>K-selected - few offspring, high parental care, long life span, slow development and slow maturation
r-selected- lots of offspring, low parental care, short life span, fast development and maturation</p>
<p>^you are right non-plasmid DNA can be incorporated, plasmid is just easier to picture. Also I for forgot about transposons or “jumping genes” which allow the bacteria to create greater genetic diversity.</p>
<p>Can someone explain the lactin operon?
My teacher said without a doubt its going to be on the exam.</p>
<p>@petlee1 I think it’s very likely. I’m pretty sure out of four essays, you’re going to know at least one-two parts of the question. Honestly, write down EVERYTHING you know especially the basics. We did practice essays in class and you don’t know how many times I wanted to facepalm myself because I knew half the crap on the grading rubric.</p>
<p>^You mean the lac operon?</p>
<p>You should read this: [lac</a> operon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia](<a href=“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon]lac”>lac operon - Wikipedia)</p>
<p>the lac operon system is a way of control gene expression. The specific lac operon is when lactose is present, an enzyme to digest the lactose is produced through a series of steps that allows transcription and translocation to occur, but it turns off when lactose is not present.</p>
<p>^I might add that it is also positively regulated by AMP (more specifically, cyclic AMP or cAMP). Basically, when there is ATP in the cell but lactose present, the lac operon, for all intensive purposes, will be turned off, because most likely glucose is present to produce the ATP. But, when there is not much ATP and thus more ADP and AMP AND lactose is present, the lac enzyme production is highly maximized. So, the lac operon has two types of regulation.</p>
<p>What are the barriers to different species reproducing (a list is adequate, most of the things if I recall are self-explanatory)?</p>
<p>^ I thought the lac operon, in response to a lack of ATP and presense of lactose, will speed up laz enzyme production, but if there is an abundance of ATP, the lac operon is not turned off, it just doesn’t get maximized. In short, cAMP is used to speed up, not turn off. There are two regulations of Lac operon, a “volume” control and a “power control” if you get the analogy</p>
<p>Yeah, that’s why I said “for all intensive purposes.” The effect from when ATP is not present to when ATP is present is a very significant drop-off, and my source said that non-cAMP enzyme production is negligible. But yeah, I should have expanded on that point.</p>
<p>What are the barriers to different species reproducing (a list is adequate, most of the things if I recall are self-explanatory)?</p>
<p>PREZYGOTIC
gametic sperm/egg do not match </p>
<p>habitat species live in different locations</p>
<p>mechanical reproductive organs do not match</p>
<p>temporal do not mate in the same time period</p>
<p>behavioral some animals must complete a ritual such as a dance to mate. If the mate can not do the ritual reproduction does not occur. </p>
<p>POSTZYGOTIC
offspring is sterile - The organism has an odd number of chromosomes which causes meiosis to be unsuccessful. (mule is an example)</p>
<p>offspring died in zygotic form - not much to explain, the offspring is never born.</p>
<p>offspring had some sort of reproductive disadvantage - i dunno how to explain this one.</p>
<p>EXPLAIN GENETIC REPLICATION IN PROKARYOTES. (such as bacteria)</p>
<p>^ you mean like DNA replication? or reproduction?</p>
<p>binary fission follows DNA replication of the circular chromosomes</p>
<p>Post zygotic Barrie - </p>
<p>Reduced Hybrid Fertility - explained above
Reduced Hybrid Survival - explained above
Hybrid Breakdown - The f-1 generation is strong and fertile. but from F-2 Generation, problems occur. They die, are weak, are steril, etc.</p>
<p>Question: What are the stages of bacterial growth? (To make question less vague: the last is “death phase”)</p>
<p>Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, Asexaully. No details to it.
Also, conjugation is type of DNA exchange between the bacterias. Gives the advantage of variaion.</p>
<p>Bacteria grows, and they die. I dont think I learned this… lol.</p>
<p>Question : How to you determine whether the molecule is carbohydrate, lipid, glycerol, amino acid, or nucleic acid?</p>
<p>^Check the functional groups.</p>