<p>^ Can you list functional groups for each? I usually just know by how the diagrams are arranged and looked for the arrangements of the atoms.</p>
<p>i would like to know the stages of bacterial growth too</p>
<p><a href=“College Board - SAT, AP, College Search and Admission Tools”>College Board - SAT, AP, College Search and Admission Tools;
<p>there are CB released questions on this link… are they easier that the test q’s? they seem somewhat easier than the questions from barrons or cliffs…</p>
<p>@marcusf329</p>
<p>i meant DNA replication.</p>
<p>“i would like to know the stages of bacterial growth too”</p>
<p>it seems like extraneous info, don’t worry about it, just know binary fission and conjugation…</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>Lac Operon can be explained the third video here ([Free</a> Online MIT Course Materials for High School | AP Biology | Molecular Genetics | Gene Regulation | MIT OpenCourseWare](<a href=“http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/hs/biology/e/2/2.htm]Free”>http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/hs/biology/e/2/2.htm)). It was really helpful.</p>
<p>Answer for my question.</p>
<p>Carbohydrate - composite of C,H,O in ratio of 1:2:1 respectively
Lipid - composed of C,H,O. Has Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Glycerol - 3 Carbon lipid. each carbon has -OH attached to it.
Amino Acid - Has Carboxyl Group, Amino Group (NH2 or NH3), 1 Hydrogen, and R group (can be any element.)
Nucleic Acid- Ring composed of alternating C and N.</p>
<p>WOW … I have been studying for this AP since Spring Break and I can’t follow somethings you guys are saying >_<…</p>
<p>What are the five hormones produced by the pituitary gland?</p>
<p>Well I had to look up a few of these and its not only pituitary, because pituitary is broken into anterior (front side) and posterior (back side)</p>
<p>The most common from anterior
GH-Growth Hormone
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
PRL - Prolactin
LH - Luteinizing Hormone
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone</p>
<p>Posterior:
Oxytocin
ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone</p>
<p>Oxytocin, ADH, GH, FSH, and TSH were the ones that seemed to be most common</p>
<p>How freaky would it be if the FRQ in the AP Test were from this thread.</p>
<p>^ This thread covered enough topics that it is very likely to cover something on FRQ :)</p>
<p>Here is a question: what are the various types of learning and describe them (ie. trial and error learning, imprinting, Fixed Action Pattern, etc.)?</p>
<p>^ I think that’s likely, we have talked about a lot of topics and very specific subjects in this thread</p>
<p>Learning? I just thought there’s the classical conditioning and operant conditioning.</p>
<p>I just hope people keep asking/answering questions.</p>
<p>QUESTION: When you eat long dark juicy carrot, full of creamy delious starch, thought which organs does it go? How does it move? What acids or enzymes are involved in digesting it?</p>
<p>EDIT: “Learning? I just thought there’s the classical conditioning and operant conditioning.”</p>
<p>Hes talking about:</p>
<p>trial and error</p>
<p>habituation</p>
<p>imprinting</p>
<p>instict</p>
<p>obervation</p>
<p>insight</p>
<p>FAP
and two others I cannot remember.</p>
<p>Hopefully someone else can go into the specifics, for I am going to kill the queens child… The Barrons AP Biology Test… dun dun DUN (only MC :P)</p>
<p>Well I guess I will answer my own question, I guess I wasn’t really going for learning but more of the ways Animals behave, which is why I gave the examples:</p>
<p>Fixed Action Pattern (FAP): is an innate, highly stereotypic behavior that once begun is continued to completion, no matter how useless.</p>
<p>Habituation: simplest form of true learning. An animal comes to ignore a persistent stimulus so it can go on about its business.</p>
<p>Associative Learning is broken down into Classical Conditioning - associate things for animal like dogs would salivate upon hearing a bell and Operant Conditioning-trial and error</p>
<p>Imprinting - learning that occurs during a sensitive or critical period in the early life on an individual and is irreversible for the length of that period. (Geese following moms)</p>
<p>Digestion of starch (carbohydrates) starts in the mouth. (Proteins are digested mostly by the pepsin in stomach acid and Lipids-fats-are broken down mostly by bile - lipid emulsifying enzymes - in the small intestine. </p>
<p>The process begins in the mouth when an enzyme in saliva (amylase) begins to break down starchy carbohydrates.</p>
<p>After swallowing, the starchy carbs reach the stomach where hydrochloric acid combines with them and acts on the protein in the food. The stomach also acts as a reservoir for food, squirting out small amounts into the intestines at intervals.</p>
<p>In the small intestine (where most carb-digestion occurs) the starch is processed by the enzyme amylase and converted into maltose and sucrose.</p>
<p>The maltose and sucrose are then absorbed into the lining cells of the intestine and are further simplified, being converted into glucose. At this point the glucose is released into the blood stream elevating blood glucose levels. If gone to high this will stimulate the pancreas to produce insulin to lower the levels.</p>
<p>When you eat long dark juicy carrot, full of creamy delious starch, thought which organs does it go? How does it move? What acids or enzymes are involved in digesting it?</p>
<p>Assuming your carrot is entirely starch:</p>
<p>It first goes in your mouth, where it is broken down by mechanical digestion (chewing). Salivary amylase is released here, and it begins to break down the starches in the carrot. </p>
<p>After this, the pieces will form a bolus and travel down through your esophagus, helped along by gravity and smooth muscle contractions called peristalsis. </p>
<p>After this, it passes through your cardiac sphincter and encounters the stomach. There is a very minor, to the point of insignificance, amylase it encounters in the stomach. The remnants of the carrot are passed through the stomach by surrounding smooth muscles. </p>
<p>The chime (I think) then passes through another sphincter into the duodenum, which is basically the start of the small intestine where the common bile duct meets the S.A. Here, pancreatic amylase is secreted by the pancreas, which further breaks down the polysaccharide. </p>
<p>Once it is the disaccharide maltose, maltase (secreted by the jejunum and ileum) breaks this down into two glucoses.</p>
<p>What are functions of the liver?</p>
<p>Liver is probably one of the coolest organs outside the brain.</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Production of bile and other digestion enzymes - emulsifies lipids and helps aid in other digestion.</p></li>
<li><p>Detoxification of the blood - It has tons of lysosomes that allow the detoxing of the body - this is why your liver is strained when you drink alcohol. </p></li>
<li><p>Glycogen Storage outside of muscles</p></li>
<li><p>Synthesizes various proteins and lipids</p></li>
<li><p>Stores things such as iron, Vitamin A, D, etc.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>That is all that I can think of.</p>
<p>Question: Describe the differences and similarities among taxonomy, phylogeny, and systematics.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>It was a vague question made even more vague by being posted after the replication one. Sorry about that. The four phases of bacterial growth are:</p>
<p>lag phase: bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions. Bacteria are maturing but are not yet dividing. Synthesis of RNA, enzymes and other molecules occurs here.
Log phase: cells multiply exponentially. Plotted as a straight, slanted line.
Stationary phase: medium is depleted of nutrients and fills up with waste. Growth rate slows.
death phase: bacteria die.</p>
<p>Describe and discuss the protista kingdom</p>