<p>Yeah, but I want to know for other purposes. If you guys have any links for that question, I’d greatly appreciate it. </p>
<p>For the lungs, the diaphragm must contract to expand the volume of the thoracic cavity (kind of counter-intuitive, actually), as do the rib muscles to expand the rib cage. </p>
<p>NADH and FADH are molecules that transport electrons from the Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis to the electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation. FADH transports the electrons to a lower energy level in the chain, thus one gets less ATP from FADH then from each NADH.</p>
<p>NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that function in aerobic respiration. They start out as NAD+ and FAD. They pick up electrons released from enzymatic action during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and add hydrogen ions to become NADH and FADH2. They then deposit their electrons to the electron transport chain, located on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. The electrons are then pulled down by the electronegative oxygen, and this energy is harnessed by use of a proton motive force to synthesize ATP. Thus, in a nutshell, these electron carriers greatly aid in ATP synthesis.</p>
<p>Explain the path of fluid in the nephron.</p>
<p>NADH & FADH transport electrons from Kreb cycle to electron transport chain to make ATP. NADH is in Respiration only, not in photosynthesis.</p>
<p>For the nephron question: Blood is filtered through the glomerulus. Little molecules/ions pass through the walls of the capillary. Then some materials that were filtered are reabsorbed by peritubular capillaries. </p>
<p>Where’s the cristae, and what is its function?</p>
<p>Humoral response involves B cells(antibodies), while cell-mediated has to do with T cells.</p>
<p>The cristae are the infoldings of the mitochondrial membrane. They provide an increased surface area for electron transport and ATP synthesis.</p>
<p>Keasbey - isn’t FADH2 used in chloroplasts? Correct me if I’m wrong, there. And the fluid path is a pretty loaded question, so you may be better off trying to break it into smaller questions like what is the loop of henle? </p>
<p>The cristae are folds in mitochondria that make more surface area. The electron transport chain occurs accross the cristae membrane, so it is embedded with proteins like ATP synthase as well as cytochromes. </p>
<p>What are the tissue layers of plants?</p>
<p>Lol nephrons, the concentrated waste loses glucose/ions/water by diffusion. As it moves down the descending loop, the membrane is impermeable to NaCl so water diffuses out of the tubule, creating high osmolarity inside the tubule. In the ascending loop, the membrance is impermeable to water, and NaCl diffuses out of the membrane. At the top, after the ascending loop, water diffuses through the membrane as the solution becomes a lower osmolarity than the surroundings. Down the collecting tube(vocab?), water is diffusing out of the tubule because the surrounding has a high osmolarity, a little bit of urea is also diffusing out of the tubule near the end. Therefore the solution that exits has little water, as a result of creating a high osmolarity surrounding in the medulla</p>
<p>Senior0991 - nope, both NADH+ and FADH2 are used in the mitochondria. NADPH alone is used in the chloroplasts.</p>
<p>Fluid moves though the glomerous and thought the bowman capsule. the bowman capsule is very permeable, and contains various proteins to transport nutrients (glucose), oxygen, and ions into the proximal convoluted tubule. Some of the nutrients get filtered back into the capillaries just as glucose. from the proximal convoluted tubule the nutrients flow towards the hoop of henle, and water is removed. When moving from the loop of henle to the distal convoluted tubule Na+ and K+ is removed. When moving from the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct water is once again moved. (note water / ions are diffused into the surrounding capillaries). </p>
<p>I think i got a few things wrong, someone please tell me if im right.</p>
<p>EDIT: describe what happens during fertilization, between sperm and the egg. (in humans)</p>
<p>The cristae are a part of the mitochondrial membrane. They provide surface for ATP synthesis.</p>
<p>Senior0991/anyone else: what are the tissue layers of plants?</p>
<p>^ first one that im drawing a blank on :'(</p>
<p>Edit: I cheated: vascular tissue, dermal tissue, and ground tissue. </p>
<p>xylem/ phloem, epidermis cells, and parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclernchyma cells respectively.</p>
<p>cant believe i forgot that one.</p>
<p>Oh yeah, good call keasbey 
I would have been pretty po’ed at myself if I missed that on the actual test.</p>
<p>flame- I think you’re right. It is also important to note that the Bowman’s capsule does not let proteins go through, so no hemoglobin is in the filtrate. Also, the loop of henle is an example of countercurrent exchange.</p>
<p>^ Hey Senior0991, what are the layers of tissue in plants?</p>
<p>as for a new question: What hormones are involved in the reproduction processes for male/female and what are their functions?</p>
<p>Tissue layers of plants. The cuticle is a waxy covering that helps prevent water loss. Um, oh crap, uh…the epidermis is also a protective covering. The mesophyll is made of parenchyma cells and provides space for both CO2 accumulation and photosynthesis. The bundle sheath cells contain xylem and phloem.</p>
<p>For the hormones, you should know the ovarian cycle, sperm production, corpus luteum maintanince, puberty hormones, and possibly a few other things I’m blanking on (I’d explain them all if I had time and remembered them).</p>
<p>Oh yeah, question: list the ways in which a cell can control the pathway from DNA to protein (example= binding factors, alternative splicing, etc.)</p>
<p>Can someone correct me on the nephron function?</p>
<p>Male: testosterone which works with FSH to produce sperm. (spermtogensis/secondary sen traits)</p>
<p>Female: estrogen and progesteron. (menstrual cycle/secondary sex traits and menstrual cycle/pregnancy respectfully.)</p>
<p>Marcus, you were correct about the nephron function, but you might want to mention that it starts at the proximal convoluted tubule, goes through the glomerulus, enters the distal convoluted tubule, goes through the loop of Henle stuff (which you covered well), hits up the collecting duct, and drains into the ureter.</p>
<p>I dont completely understand your question Senior0991</p>
<p>So, we have tons of genes in the nucleus. But, proteins for all those genes are not expressed in the cell. What factors, including the two I listed above, cause this?</p>