AP Biology Review Thread

Test Preparation AP Test Preparation
101

<p>"Ok…
Obviously this detailed stuff you guys typed up are NOT required for the multiple choice.
BUT for FRQ how much detail do you need?!?!</p>

<p>Holy snap. Do you guys actually REMEMBER that stuff off the top of your head?
(PS. I’m aiming for a 5)"</p>

<p>Jzhang, I have my strengths and my weaknesses. With topics like plants and nerve impulses, I can write lengthy paragraphs with indepth detail. Phylum and plant reproduction? One or two sentences.</p>

<p>I’m praying that my weak areas won’t be exploited on the test.</p>

102

<p>I have Princeton Review and Cliffnotes, I don’t have Barrons, sorry, but I know that Barrons always makes tests harder (for SAT and ACT), but in reality a lot of test prep companies do that so the exam will be easier.</p>

103

<p>"Ok…
Obviously this detailed stuff you guys typed up are NOT required for the multiple choice.
BUT for FRQ how much detail do you need?!?!</p>

<p>Holy snap. Do you guys actually REMEMBER that stuff off the top of your head?
(PS. I’m aiming for a 5)"</p>

<p>First part: enough detail to provide a solid answer, if that helps. If a question asked me to explain respiration, I would have provided a similar answer to the one I did here without the definitions and explanations. I think that everything I said is important to knowing cellular respiration at a college level. For another answer I did about the CDKs, that may have been a bit over the top for the AP Test material, but the poster wanted to know it, so I explained it to him. If they ask you on a free response what contributes to water’s properties, you should give a brief explanation of hydrogen bonding, even if an explanation is not specifically asked for (assuming you have time). Cover all your bases.</p>

<p>For the second part, my answer is similar to the one above. My strength is cellular biology, and my goal is to know as much about that as possible for reasons other than the AP Test. My weaknesses are pretty much everything else, so plants, ecology, some anatomy, genetics, etc. And no, not all my answer is off the top of my head. To fill in some missing details (like for the krebs and calvin cycles, which I don’t know too well) I consult other web pages to verify my answers. I think everyone here should be doing the same (which it seems like people are), unless they are sure that they have a correct answer, to maintain the integrity of the thread.</p>

104

<p>^For the most part, I’ve been treating these questions like actual free response questions and given thorough answers, but I make sure to verify all of my information. It’s been a bit discouraging to see the the amount of information many of the posters have provided–knowing that I’ll never match that depth in my weak areas–but it’s reassuring to know that all of your information isn’t off the top of your head.</p>

105

<p>it shouldn’t be that discouraging. One of the frequent posters just finished rereading the entire textbook. I personally am doing A LOT of outside studying for cell biology. And this is CC, which hardly represents the national population to begin with.</p>

106

<p>Yeah, I too am quite worried about the frqs. I’ve been doing well on mc, im in the 60s range.
My problem tends to be that on the frqs i remember the processes, however i forget the names of the key terms. which is problematic. Any advice on that topic?</p>

107

<p>motivated_101 - there’s no secret for that; you simply have to study. Get somebody to read off the process and have you identify it by name.</p>

108

<p>Compare and contrast monocots with dicots.</p>

109

<p>Contrast</p>

<p>Dicots have a single root while monocots have a network of roots, to increase surface area. Dicots have a stem with the vascular bundle organized in a circle, while monocots have their scattered randomly. Dicots veins (in leaves) are scattered like a stem with branches coming off of it. Monocots have parelle veins in the leaves. Monocots have one cotelyon while dicots have two. Dicots leaves are organized as 4+2 and monocots have a 3+4? (guess) </p>

<p>Comparison.</p>

<p>First both have roots, which consist of epidermis, endodermis, caspien strip, and vascular bundle. The vascular bundle contains xylem and phloem, pericyma. Roots have a root cap and area of elongation, and cortex. Both monocots and dicots also contain vascular bundle in their stems. The xylem is organized inward and pholem is facing the outside. Both stems also have cuticle which minimizes water loss. Monocots and Dicots also have sap wood (living xylem) and heart wood (dead xylem) Dicots and Monocots also have similarities in their leaves. Both have a epidermis covered with a cuticle. Both have stomata which is involved in moving water up the xylem and gas exchange. Monocots and Dicots also have palisade mesophyll cells which are compact parenchyma cells, which conduct photosynthesis. Both also have spongy mesophyll cells which are not very compact and are considered gas patches. Leafs of both monocots and dicots also have vascular tissue, and may or may not be surrounded by bundle sheath. Bundle sheath makes sure that no gas will enter the xylem and pholem, and pervents O2 from binding with RuBP. Both monocots and dicots are photosynthetic and contain vascular, ground, and dermal tissue. Vascular tissue is xylem and pholem. Ground tissue composed of parenchyma cells, sclencyma cells, and chrmocyma cells (forgot last one). Dermal tissue is the endoderm and ectoderm layers in the stem and roots. Finally, both are plants. </p>

<p>i miss something?</p>

<p>QUESTION —> Trace the movement of blood though the heart and around the body. Include details of veins and arteries, and how the heart contracts.</p>

110

<p>The ground tissues are called collenchyma cells and sclerenchyma cells. But dang, your answer is amazing. :)</p>

<p>Explain the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem, and list the conditions it requires.</p>

111

<p>Hardy Weinberg stated that if there are no mutations in a population, no one from the population leaves or comes into the population, the population is large, and mating is random, you can figure out what percent of a population has a specific trait. You can also find out how many individuals from a population are heterozygous, and homozygous recessive and dominant. </p>

<p>Before getting into Hardy Weinberg problems we must investigate why the factors stated above are required to solve a Weinberg problem. </p>

<p>No mutations can occur in a population because you will can change allele frequency in a gene pool.</p>

<p>If individuals are leaving and coming into a population the allele frequency can be altered and once again change the gene pool. </p>

<p>THe population must be large because larger populations have less of an effect if a new allele is entered into a population (compared to a small population)</p>

<p>Mating must be random because i dunnno. If individuals select mates their offspring will have an advantage compared to other individuals (cheated on this one :frowning: ) </p>

<p>Now that we know the requirements of hardy-weinburg we can start investgating how to create a population. First you must know the follow facts.</p>

<p>p^2 +q^2 +2pq = 1</p>

<p>p + q = 1 </p>

<p>p = dominant p^2 = homozygous dominant
q = recessive and q^2 = homozygous recessive,
2pq = heterozygous.</p>

<p>The theorm states that if you can figure out one part of the varibles listed above, you can find all answers to all the variables. (this is not true for 2pq)</p>

<p>For example 50 percent of a gene pool is homozygous
P = 50% you must square it to get P^2 which is 25% (50%^2)
We also know that q must equal 50% because p+q = 1 (or 100%). Now you can square q to get 25% for q^2. 2pq would equal 50%. (2(50%)(50%) = 50%) Now you can check your answer.</p>

<p>p + q = 1 ===> 50% + 50% = 1 this is correct.</p>

<p>p square + q square + 2pq = 1 ===> 25% + 25+ + 50% = 1 This is correct</p>

<p>Always keep in mind that P is greater than P^2 and same goes for q. Also keep in mind that when the question is talking about gene pool it is referring to p and q. Which taking about a POPULATION it is referring to P square and q squared. </p>

<p>Edit: haha this is fantastic practice. I should start timing myself.</p>

<p>QUESTION —> Trace the movement of blood though the heart and around the body. Include details of veins and arteries, and how the heart contracts.</p>

112

<p>unoxigenated blood enters the right atrium, through the valve to the right ventricle out the pulmonary artery to the lungs where it is bonded to hemoglobins in the alveoli of the lungs then pumped out the pulmonary vein into the left atrium to the left aorta through the valve out the aorta to the arteries to arterials to capillaries where the oxygen is dispersed and transported to veins that go to various parts of the body…</p>

<p>i may have missed something sorry, but im going completely from memory</p>

113

<p>For Hardy–Weinberg, in addition to DarkFlame’s awesome response, in a free response question it is important to note that Hardy Weinberg is impossible in a natural setting because at least one of those disturbing factors will always exist, and by existing prevent Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. </p>

<p>**Question: ** List the properties of water and give at least one example of how each is useful in the environment.</p>

114

<p>Water has 5 primary properties, all of which give make it extremely useful in the environment. First of all, it has the property of capillary action, in which it can stick to the inside of tubes. It can use this property to travel up trees to water them. Also, water has strong cohesion (I don’t know how this is useful in the environment). In addition, water has incredible surface tension, which allows several organisms to travel on water, such as several insects. Water also has a high heat capacity; this can help humans lose decrease their body heat quickly through sweating. Moreover, when water freezes, it turns into ice, which can float. The molecules in water expand when water is frozen, so life can adapt to water underneath ice.</p>

<p>Sorry if my answers aren’t sufficient or completely off. :(</p>

115

<p>cohesion and adhesion…adhesion means that it “sticks” to its containing surface…this is useful in nature by observing the xylem tissue of plants…if water was not adhesive, it would not be easy to transport it via xylem…its high specific heat is also important as it is the environment for many organisms (aquatic life)…by maintaining a relatively stable temperature, these organisms can survive…also water is a polar molecule, making it a useful solvent, am i missing anything?</p>

<p>oh and, water is most dense at 4 degrees celsius…it gets less dense as it solidifies into ice</p>

116

<p>high specific heat-reptiles in desert environments internal temperature is stable because they absorb heat slowly during the day and slowly release heat at night</p>

<p>adhesion-waters affinity to hydrophillic surface-allows for water transport in plants</p>

<p>cohesion-waters attraction to water allows for transpirational pull in plants</p>

<p>expands when frozen-lattice crystal structure allows for ice to float, allowing for organisma to live in environments such as lakes and ponds even when they freeze over</p>

117

<p>Give a summary of the events in noncyclic photophosphorylation. How is noncylic photophosphorylation different from cyclic photophosphorylation?</p>

118

<p>cyclic only has the electron transport chain, photosystem I, and electron acceptor.
Basically it only makes ATP because calvin cycle needs more atp than nadph.
non cyclic has uh.
photosystem ii, electron acceptor 2 excited electrons go to electron transport chain and atp is released. photosystem i, electron acceptor. 2 excited electrons, small electron transport chain, h2o is split, 2 electrons is supplied to photosystem ii, and o2 is made. the h forms nadph.</p>

<p>lol i got lazy.</p>

119

<p>“Give a summary of the events in noncyclic photophosphorylation. How is noncylic photophosphorylation different from cyclic photophosphorylation?”</p>

<p>Noncyclic photophosphorylation (light reaction) occurs in the chloroplast, specifically the thylakoids in the grana stack. First water splits giving electrons to PII (P680). H+ and O2 are also made. O2 is the biproduct and H+ will be used later on. Here photons are attracted to Mg located in the antenna. the electron travels to the reaction center aka choloplast A where it is excited onto a higher level. The electron than passes to electron acceptor and passes though the electron transport chain. Here H+ are pumped into the thylakiod space. Next, the electron reaches another acceptor, and moves to PI aka P700. Once again the electron is excited because of the Mg and photons and moves on to another electron acceptor. The electron than moves into NADP+ reductase where NADP+ + H+ + electrons form NADPH. NADPH is than transported into the dark reaction aka kreb cycle. The H+ that were transported thought the electron transport chain go into ATP synthase. H+ moves thought the ATP syntase and out of the tylakoid creating ATP which is transported into the dark reaction.</p>

<p>In cyclic photophospolylation elections moves from PI back to electron acceptor located before the electron transport chain. The electrons move thought the electrion transport hain with the goal of increase the amount of H+ in the thylakoid space. The purpose of this is to create more ATP. (more H+ means more H+ going thought ATP synthase, which means more ATP) </p>

<p>sorry for the horrible spelling. Im all bioed out for today, cya guys tomorrow.</p>

120

<p>Ack, hard question, and I’m terrible at photosynthesis and cellular respiration (yeah, that’s what I’m spending my entire Saturday going over and over).
Hmm, here goes:</p>

<p>During the light reactions of photosynthesis, there are two possible routes for electron flow through the thylakoid membranes, where NADPH and ATP are formed.
**Noncyclic: ** Noncyclic photphosphorylation is the predominant route.

  1. Photosystem II’s reaction center, 680, excites electrons to a higher energy levels. The chlorophyll looses electrons, becoming oxidized, and takes up electrons from water via an enzyme. This splits H20 up, takes the Hydrogen and releases the Oxygen.
  2. Electrons tumble through the electron transport chain, releasing energy which is used to make ATP. The ATP synthesis is photophosphorylation. The ATP goes off to spur sugar synthesis in the Calvin Cycle.
  3. The electrons tumble into Photosystem 1 center 700, where they tumble down another electron transport chain, are transfered to Feredoxin, and produce NADPH via NADP+ reductase.</p>

<p>cyclic electron flow:
The Calvin Cycle uses more ATP than NADPH, but noncyclic creates the substances in equal quantities. To counter the problem, cyclic electron flow is used.

  1. The electrons cycle back from Ferodoxin to chlorophyll in photosystem 1 to the ETC, where ATP is produced again. ETC falls to chlorophyll in photosystem 1, to the primary acceptor, to Ferodoxin, to the ETC again.</p>

<p>Differences:
Cyclic uses photosystem 1. Cyclic uses 1 and 2.
Cyclic produces ATP in higher quantities.
Cyclic is triggered by special conditions. Noncylic is predominant.</p>