<p>Not everyone go all of the water properties. Just for reference:</p>
<p>High specific heat: Water has a high specific heat capacity, meaning that it is not easily effected by temperature changes. This creates a stable environment for marine life.
Adhesion/Surface tension: Adhesion is the attraction of molecules to other surfaces. Adhesion is useful in capillary action, which allows for water molecules to travel up xylem tissue of plants.
Cohesion: Cohesion is the attraction of water molecules to each other. This allows for surface tension, and also assists in capillary reaction.
Heat of vaporization: Water’s high heat of vaporization creates a good method of homeostasis. Animals can sweat, thereby using excess heat to evaporate the water and control their internal temperature.
Ice: Ice floats, insulating the water below it. This allows life to exist beneath it.
Solvent: Water is the solvent of life. This is because water is polar, and can therefore dissolve ionic & polar compounds. Hydrogen end attracts negative sides, Oxygen end attracts positive sides.</p>
<p>Question: Describe the levels of a protein (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).</p>
<p>primary - order of amino acids
secondary - alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)
tertiery - Bonding between R-groups of amino acids (hydrogen, ionic, nonpolar interactions, Van der walls interactions, disulfide bridges)</p>
<p>quaternary is comprised of more than one polypeptide, one good example is hemoglobin</p>
<p>** Question: ** Describe the processes associated with muscle contraction.</p>
<p>Animal movement is accomplished by the contraction of muscles against skeleton in antagonistic pairs. The action of a muscle is to contract, and muscles extend only passively. First though, it has to be stimulated by a motor neuron. Regulatory protein tropomysin blocks areas needed unless Ca ions hit it and make it change shape. Ca regulation is done by the ER.</p>
<p>Vertebrate skeletal muscle is attached to the bones and is responsible for animal movement. It consists of a bundle of fibers running through the muscle. Each fiber is a single cell with many nuclei, formed by the fusion of embryonic cells. Each fiber is a bundle of smaller myofibrils, which are made of myofilaments: thin filaments, 2 strands actin + 1 strand regulatory protein, and thick filaments, myosin molecules.</p>
<p>Repeating light and dark bands caused by the myofilaments. Each repeating unit is called a sarcomere, which is the basic functional tissue of a muscle. Key parts to a sarcomere:
Z line: borders of a sarcomere. Thin filaments are attached to Z line & head toward the center. (Thick filaments are centered).
I band: Area near Z line where only thin filaments exist
A band: Broad area of thick filament length covers
H zone: Area in center of A band where only thick filaments exist, because thin filaments do not completely reach over.</p>
<p>Sarcomeres are reduced when a muscle contracts, bringing Z lines closer. A stay same, but I is pushed inwards, completely reaching over and causing H to disappear. The sliding of these filaments is caused by interaction of myosin and actin. Myosin has a long fibrous tail with a head, and its tail is where myosin join to form thick filament. The head uses ATP to energize the myosin, which then binds to a site on actin (thin filaments), forming a cross bridge. Myosin tries to relax, but it is attached to the thin filament, pulling it in until another ATP bonks the Myosin head so it can let go. Voila, contraction!</p>
<p>describe the differences between an inducible (such as lac) operon and a repressible (such as tryptophan) operon.</p>
<p>The lac operon serves as a transcription factor for the lac gene. When allolactose, an isomer of lactose found when eating lactose-containing foods, binds to the lac operon, the lac operon inactivates. Thus, it unbinds itself from the lac gene, inducing protein synthesis. The lac gene synthesizes lactase, which aids in the digestion of lactose (breaking it down to glucose and galactose). After one is finished eating a lactose-containing meal, there will be more lactose present, requiring more digestion. On the other hand, the trp operon is repressible - when tryptophan binds to it, it binds to the gene and suppresses protein synthesis. It just so happens that the gene it controls synthesizes tryptophan. Thus, this is a negative feedback mechanism. After one finishes eating a tryptophan-containing meal, there will be more tryptophan in the bloodstream, requiring the body to produce less of it.</p>
<p>Question</p>
<p>You recently obtained some data regarding a monohybrid cross of snapdragons. Out of 176 being crossed, you obtained 45 red snapdragons, 104 pink ones, and 28 white ones.</p>
<p>A - how many degrees of freedom are there?
B - what does chi-square equal?
C - is the data valid? Show all calculations. Refer to Table 7.5 on Page 86 of the AP lab book if needed.
D - if the data is valid, explain why. If the data is not valid, explain when the data is significant and when it is not.</p>
<p>Question</p>
<p>You recently obtained some data regarding a monohybrid cross of snapdragons. Out of 176 being crossed, you obtained 45 red snapdragons, 104 pink ones, and 28 white ones.</p>
<p>A - how many degrees of freedom are there?
B - what does chi-square equal?
C - is the data valid? Show all calculations. Refer to Table 7.5 on Page 86 of the AP lab book if needed.
D - if the data is valid, explain why. If the data is not valid, explain when the data is significant and when it is not. </p>
<p>A
There are two degrees of freedom. To get the degrees of freedom you much subtract the total number of allele by one. In this case I added pink, white, and red to get three and subtracted by one to get two.</p>
<p>B
The chi squared is 8.694. To get this answser you much find out how many snapdragons were observed for each trait (located in question) and how many there should be or experimental. To get experimental value make a punnett and square. I crossed two heterozygous snapdragons because the experimental shows that there were 104 pink (50%) and 45 red, and 28 white (25% each) The experrimental values I obtainede were 88.5 for pink, 44.25 for red, and 44.25 for white. Next I used the equation |o-e|^2 /e. </p>
<p>The following were my results
Pink 2.714</p>
<p>Red 0.0127</p>
<p>White 5.967 </p>
<p>If you add them up you will get chi squared = 8.694</p>
<p>C
The values are accepted according to the chart on page 86. First you look at degrees of freedom (which is two) and go accross the table until you find 8.694 (or two numbers in which 8.694 falls inbetween) the pobability numbers for my results were 0.02 and 0.01 which are accepted values.</p>
<p>I really dont know the answer to D.</p>
<p>EDIT: WHAT ARE THE FIVE PROPERTIES OF POPULATION? BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THEM.</p>
<p>^I am not sure the question has enough information. Based on the question given I would have simply stated that a monohybrid cross is Rr x Rr, however, the question does not state if R is dominate to white (I am assuming it is). Under normal conditions there should be RR (.25) Rr (.5) rr(.25). Under normal laws of segregation and independent assortment (assuming there is complete dominance, etc.) there should be red and white flowers 75% being red and 25% being white, which will lead to 0 being pink. </p>
<p>Null Hypothesis: The monohybrid cross follows the normal Mendalian conditions of independent assortment and law of segregation.</p>
<p>Alternative Hypothesis: Other factors are playing a role in the experiment (not normal)</p>
<p>If that is the case then for sure the chi-squared value will be too high (don’t really want to do the calculations, but I can if someone wants me to), so you will reject the null hypothesis accepting the alternative. By accepting the alternative hypothesis a plausible explanation is that there is incomplete dominance resulting in the pink color.</p>
<p>^ so that’s the answer to part D correct?</p>
<p>Do you guys think we’ll need to do the chi square on the test?</p>
<p>^No one can truly say. But if there is one I think its gonna be on the FRQ.</p>
<p>EDIT: WHAT ARE THE FIVE PROPERTIES OF POPULATION? BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THEM.</p>
<p>What are Leutinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone? And what are their roles in the the female reproductory system?</p>
<p>Leutinizing Hormone (LH): produced by the anterior pituitary and regulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH): produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the development of the follicle and oocyte and secretion of estrogen from the follicle
estrogen: produced by the ovary, regulates menstrual cycle, a surge of GnRH results in a surge of LH, triggering ovulation
progesterone: produced by the ovary, maintains the lining of the ovary during pregnancy</p>
<p>There are five properties of a population? Do you mean five properties of a population in HW Equilibrium?</p>
<p>Which of the following is characteristic of both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue?
(a) Spindle-shaped cells
(b) Striated appearance
(c) Multinucleate cells
(d) Involuntary contraction
(e) Presence in walls of major blood vessels</p>
<p>Explain.</p>
<p>“What are Leutinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and progesterone? And what are their roles in the the female reproduction system?”</p>
<p>Im weak in the reproductive section, ill try my best though.</p>
<p>In a female the LH (luetinizing hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) estrogen and progesterone are used in the menstrual cycle. </p>
<p>First part of the menstrual cycle is the follicle phase. In the follicle cycle follicles in the ovary secrete estrogen which produces FSH</p>
<p>Second part of the menstrual cycle is the ovulation. Here seconadry oocytes rupture in responce to LH. </p>
<p>Luteal phase corupus luteum forms from follicles left behind and secreats estrogen and progesterone to creat endometrium of the uterus.</p>
<p>Menstruation Monthy shedding of the enometrim because an enbryo was no implanted.</p>
<p>LH and FSH is used to stimulate the ovaries, which releases progesterone and estrogen, which thickens the lining of the uterus. </p>
<p>I cheated -_- only got 2 of the 4 parts. Time to study reproductive section!</p>
<p>I think D is the correct answer for the muscle question. You can’t really control cardiac muscle, as then you could control your heart rate and stuff, and smooth muscle (like the one surrounding the esophagus) likewise can’t be controlled, although some Tibetan monks have been rumored to gain control of involuntary digestive muslces.</p>
<p>And, e and b are definitely wrong. I’ve never heard of a spindled muscle cell before, but I have heard of muscle cells with multiple nuclei, although I think those are confined to skeletal muscles (I checked, they are)</p>
<p>Which of the following is characteristic of both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissue?
(a) Spindle-shaped cells
(b) Striated appearance
(c) Multinucleate cells
(d) Involuntary contraction
(e) Presence in walls of major blood vessels</p>
<p>Its not e because cardiac muscle is located in the heart.
I dont think its D because smooth muscle dont have SA or AV nodes
I dont think its A or B … because it doesnt sound right…</p>
<p>I would get C multinucleate cells. </p>
<p>Hope i wouldnt guess wrong.</p>
<p>Edit: ■■■ i got involuntary and voluntary mixed up -_-</p>
<p>Senior is correct, it is D.</p>
<p>** Question **</p>
<p>If a stimulus on the receptor portion of a sensory neuron is above threshold level, a further increase in the intensity of this stimulus will most likely cause the</p>
<p>(a) frequency of impulse production to increase
(b) strength of neuronal impulse to increase
(c) impulse to move faster
(d) neuron membrane to become less permeable to sodium
(e) neuron membrane to become more negatively polarized</p>
<p>Explain.</p>