Can you grade this essay?

Test Preparation
1

<p>"Originality does not consist in saying what no one has ever said before but in saying exactly what you think yourselves." (James Stephen)</p>

<p>The statement that originality need not necessarily be about saying what no one has ever said before but rather saying exactly what one thinks. Situations in everyday life demand a certain reaction from us, which though may have been undertaken by others, will still be original for ourselves just as it is said that necessity is the mother of all inventions.</p>

<p>A book name "The Art of War" by an ancient chinese military commander Sun Tzu has recently gained a vast audience with the general public. The book states how a military commander should excercise his command over his army to gain an upperhand in battle and in an ideal situation win the war without fighting. Putting this book in the perspective of recent history as late as the 20th century shows that such military tacticts have been used by various countries to resolve various conflicts as well was wars. Military commanders of our days have inevitably stumbled upon the same ideas preached by the ancient chinese commander. Nonetheless, the point is that even though, these ideas may have been used in the past still they are as original as any new idea. Originality does not mean that the idea is new or hasn't been used before. The essence of an original idea comes from the for a breakthrough during the course of a grovelling situation.</p>

<p>Modern science is full of examples of situations where an idea applied in one field is found to have been applied in many other fields. Statisticians initially proposed a technique called "clustering" for grouping objects that have similar qualities. These ideas were quite theoretical and esorteric initially. With the advent of Genetic Engineering new techniques of gene mapping were being developed every day. This inevitably led the genetic engineers to stumble upon grouping genes having simiar characterstics into what we now call gene clusters. Similarly, computer scientists use the same principle of clustering to group data having similar nature. These ideas though have been previously discovered and used are nevertheless original with respect to their field. </p>

<p>In the study of evolution of life, we see a large number of analogous organs. The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat are analogous organs. Though a butterfly(insect) and a bat(mammal) took seperate routes in their course of evolution, the necessities made they grow wings. These wings though different in nature, are still based on a central idea that flapping of a long extended arm can produce flight.</p>

<p>Originality does not simply mean developing a new idea by some fortitious encounter. Any difficult situation can produce an original idea, which may or may not have been used before. History, sciends and even evolution has provided us with compelling evidence that an original idea, never used previously, is quite overrated.</p>

2

<p>“Statistics demonstrate that Casarean births are dangerous for women. Women are three times more likely to suffer fatal complications when giving birth by Caesarean section than they are when giving birth naturally, without painkillers and labor-promoting drugs. When choosing a hospital it is important that parents selct one that does not encourage unnecessary Caesarean deliveries. Locally, I recommend Samaritan Hospital, because its rate of Caesarean deilvery is less than two-thirds that of County General, which specializes in emergencies and high-risk cases.”</p>

<p>The childbirth instructor argues that Caesarean birhts are dangerous for women. He goes on to say that women are three times more likely to suffer fatal complications during Caesarean births than in normal births. He has deviously avoided the statistic with respect to the child. Nowhere has he mentioned whether a natural birth may affect the child either during birth or in the long run. By labelling it “natural” birth the instructor has assumed that all is nothing can go wrong in such a case. </p>

<p>A hospital may not encourage unecessary Caesarean deliveries because it may not have adequate facilities or trained staff that can handle such deliveries. These hospitals may well be ill-equipped to handle a childbirth in case of a complication, which is always a risk in both Caesarean section as well as natural births. Any parents-to-be if provided with such information would definitely choose a hospital well-equipped to handle all possible risks.</p>

<p>The instructor has gone on to advertise Samaritan Hospital as the rate of Caesarean devlivery is less than two-thirds of County General. The inherent differences between the two hospitals have been carefully kept out. Samaritan Hospital could easily be located in a more poorer part of town where people where patients cannot pay for a C-Section whereas in County General, located in a richer neighborhood, the patients prefer to have the much easier C-section.</p>

<p>Ironically, the instructor’s, thesis that Caesarean births are dangerous for women and the recomendation that Samaritan Hospital is better than County General may be true. But these claims are not supported by any cogent arguments nor a reliable statistic to conclude a direct causal nexus.</p>