A quick review since I hadn’t heard the “variable benefit plan” terminology previously:
In a “defined benefit plan” or traditional pension plan, the employer puts in enough money to fund a specific benefit payable to you at retirement age. For example – 2% of your highest five years pay times years of service. The employer contributes to the plan based on a series of actuarial variables so that when you retire, there is enough money to pay your benefit. So, if you are 25 and make $30,000, your share of the funding requirement is a couple of hundred dollars – since the odds are that you won’t stay long enough to claim a benefit, your salary is low and you have 40 years to accrue a full benefit. If you are 55, you are more costly to the plan, as the pension fund has a shorter timeline for growth and the odds are higher that you will be around to claim a benefit. If the market does better than the actuary estimated, the employer can put less in. As is the case with many large state plans, union plans, etc., the investments and actuarials (and intervening tax regs) have left the plans underfunded – with not enough money to fund future benefits. To remain in compliance, companies and states are having to ante up big, big $$$ to cover benefits. Employers with pension plans have to meet actuarial funding requirements every year. Failure to adequately fund brings penalties.
This leads us to defined contribution plans. Here, the employer determines the amount of the contribution. The contribution is defined (4% of salary, 50% match on the first 10% of 401k EE deferrals, etc.). The “defined contribution” part is that the employer will put $$ in your account. You assume the investment risk by choosing where that money goes. There is no guarantee of how much will be in your account at retirement. That balance could buy you the equivalent of a $75,000/year pension or it could buy you $25,000/year, depending on how much you contribute to the plan and how your investment elections pan out. In many 401k plans, the employer contribution is discretionary; during the 2008 downturn, a number of employers suspended the 401k match.
“Variable Benefit Plans” is a new name for an old dog. They are basically defined contribution plans, ie, a 401(k).
There is also a “Variable Benefit Pension Plan.” From my reading, this sounds like what we used to call a Cash Balance Plan. These generally have a “floor” benefit of a fixed amount (like a pension plan) and if the funds do better than expected, then the employee would get more benefits. EE and ER share investment risk, ER carries longevity risk.
Here are a couple of links that go into some detail.
http://www.retirement-usa.org/re-envisioning-retirement-security-variable-defined-benefit-plan
http://us.milliman.com/uploadedFiles/insight/2014/variable-annuity-pension-plans.pdf
I would be really wary if they propose to take your pension plan and roll the “cash equivalent” into a 401k plan. (For the record, that seldom works out in the EE’s favor. Just sayin’.) For people close to retirement, that has major risk spelled all over it and it might be worth contemplating retirement to keep the old plan. Esp if they are proposing eliminating retiree medical coverage. This assumes you get enough warning to actually implement a strategy before things become official. Caveat: I’m not an ERISA attorney, but did 401k and DB administration/communications consulting for 22 years. Huge YMMV and ‘consult your tax advisor’ warning.