<p>Some recent science article reported that ppl have discovered the quantum basis of photosynthesis. That, at least, happens on the molecular level, so QM is definitely applicable there.</p>
<p>On the level of consciousness, I would expect some a priori basis for consciousness based on quantum phenomena (although it would be nigh-impossible to isolate right now). But not in the way Penrose thinks (the criticisms involving quantum decoherence seem quite apt here). Anyways, I pay a lot of attention to the research of Christof Koch and Francis Crick. Both are investigating (well in Crick’s case, were) the physical nature of consciousness (even though they were both educated as physicists), but neither of them have seemed to give much consideration to QM influences yet. But they investigate neural correlates of consciousness, so they’ll only identify which processes are sufficient (or necessary) for consciousness, but won’t isolate the very basis of consciousness itself. </p>
<p>Fundamentally though, a lot of neural signals are fitted to stochastic models. And where does the fundamental basis for this stochasticality come from? It may ultimately come down to QM (although it may be due to many other processes too).</p>
<p>Anyways, there are still a lot of undiscovered neurotransmitters in the brain. I think that at this point, we don’t know enough to really isolate influences to quantum processes (of course, one can use theory, but so far, most of the theory seems to have been debunked. and so then one has to theorize other structures, some of which are probably undiscovered). And since the neural correlates of consciousness still have many unknowns, it will be difficult to isolate specific structures to consciousness. But they will, at least, help isolate those structures so that further researchers can investigate their physical basis.</p>
<p>Anyways, Koch believes that consciousness is an emergent property that might be characterized by a formula for complexity. Of course, this means the net sum of all neural processes, in which case quantum influences aren’t counted. But those quantum influences may influence each neural process summand. The important thing, anyways, is that quantum influences act in a way that don’t make them average out, as everything in nature really is due to quantum influences, but for the most part, we can ignore them since they average out. But there some processes which don’t necessarily average out, and those are cases where QM increases in importance.</p>