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<p>A major exception, of course, is southern Louisiana which has long been predominantly Catholic. Northern Louisiana is more like the heavily Protestant South. The large Hispanic populations of Florida and Texas are also predominantly Catholic, and at least in Texas, many Hispanic families have been there for centuries. Most of the rest of the South is still overwhelmingly Protestant. Arkansas is the least Catholic state in the nation (5%), followed closely by Alabama (6%), West Virginia and Tennessee (7% each), South Carolina (8%), and North Carolina and Mississippi (9% each). Georgia (12%) and Virginia (14%) are a bit higher but still well below the national average, and I suspect many of the Catholics in those states are immigrants from other parts of the country, likely concentrated in the Atlanta and DC metropolitan areas. </p>
<p>In contrast, most Northern and Western states are around or above the national average of 24% Catholic. Most Catholic: Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island (43%), New Jersey (42%), and New York (39%). Illinois (31%), with Chicago’s large Irish, Italian, Polish, and Latino populations, and California (31%) with its large Latino population are also well above the national average, and higher than their surrounding regions, though cities like Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis/St. Paul also have large Catholic populations, bringing their respective states up around the national average. Indiana (18%) is the least Catholic Northern state. The Pacific Northwest (OR & AK 14%, WA 16%, ID 18%) is the least Catholic part of the West. </p>
<p>[U.S</a>. Religion Map and Religious Populations - U.S. Religious Landscape Study - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life](<a href=“Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics | Pew Research Center”>http://religions.pewforum.org/maps)</p>
<p>No doubt it’s true that Catholics now feel welcome in most parts of the South. Historically that hasn’t always been the case. There’s often been a lot of discrimination against Catholics. In its most virulent form, the Ku Klux Klan was viciously anti-Catholic, especially in its second national incarnation in the 1920s when its hate was directed as much at Catholics and immigrants as at blacks. Although there was also some Klan activity in some Northern states, anti-Catholic discrimination in the North more often took the form of exclusion from jobs, housing, and educational opportunities, and was often hard to separate from discrimination against particular ethnic groups (Irish, Italians, Poles, etc.). </p>
<p>This is also consistent with Hunt’s earlier observation that ethnicity (as opposed to race) plays a much bigger role in the North. Immigrant populations in Northern cities used to be tightly clustered into distinct ethnic enclaves, with their own churches, stores, and social and economic networks. You still see that among newer immigrant groups. Many of the older immigrant groups have spread out, though you still find remnants of the old ethnic neighborhoods, and some older immigrant groups remain somewhat clustered. Some Chicago neighborhoods (West Rogers Park) and suburbs (Skokie, Wilmette) are heavily Jewish, for example, though these were not the old Jewish neighborhoods which were much closer to downtown. A lot of Poles moved out along Milwaukee Avenue from the old Polish neighborhoods on the near Northwest Side to the far Northwest Side of the city and out into the northwest suburbs. And so on. There was less late 19th and early 20th century immigration to the South, and the South remained less urbanized, so there’s a lot less of that ethnic clustering, and fewer people have strong ethnic ties, except among recent immigrant groups.</p>
<p>Battles over prohibition of alcohol were also fought largely along religious lines. Most (but not all) of the “dries” were Protestant; many (but not all) of the “wets” were Catholics. To this day you’ll find some heavily white protestant “dry counties” in Southern states; I’m not aware of that phenomenon in the North or West. But some Northern states still join probably the majority of Southern states in prohibiting or sharply limiting off-premises sales of alcoholic beverages on Sundays; such “blue laws” are much less prevalent in the West. I’d rate that a major regional difference.</p>