<p>
</p>
<p>It was that simple once upon a time, but that’s now a badly outdated and oversimplified conception of how major public research universities work. The University of Michigan, for example, is an enterprise that spends about $5.5 billion a year, and raises revenue to match those expenditures. Toward that total, the state legislature appropriates less than $300 million annually, something on the order of 6% of the University’s overall operating budget. </p>
<p>And tuition produces only a small fraction of the rest. Of Michigan’s 27,000 undergrads, about 2/3 are in-state and 1/3 are OOS. If they were all full-pays, tuition would produce about $600 million in revenue, but you need to discount that by the amount the university pays out in need-based and merit aid from institutional funds, about $180 million, bringing net undergraduate tuition to about $420 million. Adding in all the graduate and professional school tuition brings the total net tuition to somewhere around $850 million, but that still represents only 16% of the University’s overall budget.</p>
<p>Where does the rest come from? Well, about 44% of the University’s overall budget is in its hospitals and health systems, a $2.4 billion annual enterprise that on both the expenditure and revenue side works like any other health care provider, but is necessary to allow the medical school to provide the research and medical training opportunities it provides. The health system has its own highly professional management team, but the President is the one ultimately responsible for ensuring that management team is in place and the books are balances on that huge enterprise. The University also brings in over $1 billion a year in research grants from outside sources, many of them federal but some corporate and some foundation-sponsored; but this isn’t “easy money,” these grants are highly competitive, and you need to actually do the work, which means you need to have the labs and the scientists and graduate research assistants, and in most cases you need to have all that already in place to be able to successfully compete for the grant. The University has an endowment of nearly $8 billion (7th largest for any college or university, public or private), which at a standard payout of 5% per year would produce just under $400 million in annual revenue; but that endowment needs to be carefully managed, and the President is the principal officer in charge of seeing that it continues to grow through sound management and by the addition of major gifts, which in turn don’t just fall in your lap–they need to be carefully cultivated. The University holds hundreds of patents and other intellectual property rights that bring in something on the order of $100 million a year in royalties and licensing fees. Annual giving by alumni brings in more than $100 million per year. The Athletic Department is a self-sufficient unit within the University that brings in about $140 million a year in revenue from ticket sales, parking and concessions, conference payouts (from television revenues and football bowl game revenues, which are divided equally among Big Ten conference member schools), and licensing fees on Michigan-branded sports paraphernalia, among other revenue streams. And on and on.</p>
<p>It’s pretty clear, then, that a modern major research university is a huge and extremely complex enterprise, of which the President is the CEO, responsible for seeing that all the operating units are performing to expectations, that the budgets are balanced and that revenue from all these diverse revenue streams is coming in as expected. Oh, and that the University’s 25,000 employees get their paychecks on time, and that appropriate compensation and benefits policies are in place to allow the University to attract and retain some of the most capable people in their respective fields, while still being fiscally prudent; and for seeing that the University’s 584 major buildings and 31 million square feet of space are properly equipped and maintained and upgraded and replaced on a prudent and fiscally responsible schedule, and that major donors are found for major upgrades or additions to this capital stock. The President also needs to to be a skilled politician to keep the University’s governing body, the Board of Regents, happy–along with a diverse array of often restive constituencies including state legislators, students, faculty, staff, alumni, major donors, the local community, and the state’s citizens who elect both the Board of Regents and the legislature, among others. Fundraising is only part of the President’s job, but it’s a critical part; there’s really no one else in the University who is going to close the deal on major gifts, whether it be in annual giving or gifts to endowment or gifts to fund major capital projects, without which the enterprise can’t continue to move forward.</p>
<p>From my vantage point, University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman earns every dime of her $918,783 compensation. In fact, she’s been an incredible bargain, and I regret that she has elected to give up the reins. She’ll be hard to replace. Not many people are cut out for a job this complex.</p>