I think that this will depend a great deal on the details. This will depend upon your major, what courses you take abroad, where you go abroad to, and where you are in your studies.
One daughter took approximately a semester abroad in high school. We also hosted two students from abroad in high school. This was a very positive experience for all three students. However, it was probably more about the cultural experience rather than the academics. The exception was language, where all three students improved in their knowledge of a second language (Spanish for our daughter, American English for the two students that we hosted).
One daughter went “slightly abroad” (to Canada) for the full four years for her bachelor’s degree. It was academically very rigorous. She probably has learned more in her major than she would have in the US. A larger percentage of her courses were in her major or closely related fields than would have been true at a university in the US. Her bachelor’s thesis looked to me to be equivalent to a master’s thesis at a US university. However, this is very specific to what she was studying and where she was studying.
There are also summer options for study abroad. If you take a summer class outside of the US (or outside of your home country) this might not replace the classes that you take in university, but might be an additional class.
If you arrange the study abroad through your university, then they are likely to know how the academics fit with the required courses for your major. Some universities do indeed have study abroad options that are specific to your major.