<p>Chapter 1 - Exploration, Discovery, and Settlement, 1492-1700 </p>
<p>Cultures of North America</p>
<li>Small settlements</li>
<li>
<li>Most Native Americans lived in semipermanent homes</li>
<li>Men spent time making tools and hunting game</li>
<li>Women grew crops: corns, beans, and tobacco</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Larger societies</li>
<li>
<li>Few tribes developed complex cultures/societies</li>
<li>The Pueblos built homes and intricate irrigation for farming</li>
<li>Iroquois tribes formed the Iroquois Confederacy: Withstood attacks from other tribes/Europeans</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Cultures of Central and South America</p>
<li>A.D. 300-800: Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas</li>
<li>Mayas: Southern Mexico</li>
<li>Aztecs: Central Mexico</li>
<li>Incas: Peru</li>
<li>All 3 developed organized societies, extensive trade, and calendars</li>
</ul>
<p>Europe Moves Toward Exploration</p>
<li>Improvements in technology</li>
<li>
<li>Renaissance: Rebirth of classical learning and artistic/scientific activity</li>
<li>Europeans made improvements of others</li>
<li>Improvements in shipbuilding/mapmaking</li>
<li>Invention of the printing press helped speed knowledge across Europe</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Religious conflict</li>
<li>
<li>Catholic victory in Spain</li>
<li>
<li>Spain was briefly conquered by Muslim invaders</li>
<li>Isabella and Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdoms</li>
<li>Uniting Spain was a sign of new leadership, hope, and power for Roman Catholic faith</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Protestant revolt in northern Europe</li>
<li>
<li>1500s - Christians in northern European countries revolted against the Pope in Rome</li>
<li>This revolt = Protestant Reformation: conflict between Catholics and Protestants</li>
<li>P.R encouraged Catholics (Spain/Portugal) and Christians (England/Holland) to have other non-Christians to adapt</li>
<li>Religious motive became another factor of colonization</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Expanding trade</li>
<li>
<li>Economics motives grew out of fierce competition among European kingdoms</li>
<li>Voyages were sponsored by Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator</li>
<li>
<li>Successful in finding a sea route to South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope</li>
<li>Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India with this route</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Developing nation-states</li>
<li>
<li>Nation-state: a country in which the majority of people share a common culture/political loyalty toward a central gov </li>
<li>Monarchs needed successful revenues so that the Church can justify their right to rule </li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Early Explorations</p>
<li>Columbus</li>
<li>
<li>Sought financial aid for his voyage</li>
<li>Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to supply three ships and to appoint Columbus as Governor of all lands that he finds</li>
<li>Columbus landed in the Bahamas. He died believing that he found a route to Asia </li>
<li>Established permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans</li>
<li>Exchanges</li>
<li>
<li>Natives introduced Europeans to new plants/foods (beans, corn, sweet potatoes, tobacco)</li>
<li>Natives infected Europeans with syphilis</li>
<li>Europeans brought sugarcane, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron, guns</li>
<li>Europeans imported smallpox and measles </li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Dividing the New World</li>
<li>
<li>Spain and Portugal were the first kingdoms to claim lands in the New World</li>
<li>Conflict over territories arose. Both kingdoms asked the Catholic Pope to settle the dispute</li>
<li>The Pope drew a vertical line dividing the lands. This became known as the Papal line</li>
<li>Treaty of Tordesillas: Gave Spain all lands to the west and Portugal all lands to the east </li>
</ul></li>
<li>Spanish exploration and conquest</li>
<li>
<li>Spain owed its power in the New World to its explorers and conquerors </li>
<li>Vasco Nunez de Balboa journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean</li>
<li>Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world </li>
<li>Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs/Francisco Pizzaro conquered Incas </li>
<li>The conquistadores sent ships of gold/silver back to Spain, making it the most richest/powerful nation in Europe</li>
<li>Encomienda: King of Spain gives grants of lands and Indians to Spaniards </li>
<li>
<li>Indians basically became slaves</li>
<li>European brutality and diseases reduced the Indian’s population</li>
<li>Spaniards eventually brought slaves from West Africa who were much more stable </li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>English claims</li>
<li>
<li>John Cabot discovered lands for England but did not explore further due to other issues</li>
<li>Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church</li>
<li>Sir Francis Drake attacked Spanish ships, seized gold, and attacked Spanish settlements</li>
<li>Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a settlement at Roanoke Island but failed </li>
</ul></li>
<li>French claims</li>
<li>
<li>The French and English were slow to develop colonies in the New World</li>
<li>French monarchy had to tend with internal religious conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots</li>
<li>First permanent French settlement was a fortified village on St. Lawrence River. Founded by Samuel de Champlain</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Dutch claims</li>
<li>
<li>Dutch hired Henry Hudson to seek northwest passage</li>
<li>Hudson sailed up a river and found lands that would become New Amsterdam and later New York</li>
<li>The Dutch West India Company was a private joint-stock company </li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Early English Settlements</p>
<li>England defeated the Spanish Armada and gained the reputation as major naval power</li>
<li>Founded joint-stock companies to fund these voyages</li>
<li>Jamestown</li>
<li>
<li>Early problems</li>
<li>
<li>England King James I charted the Virginia Company</li>
<li>Virginia Company: A joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony</li>
<li>Jamestown folks suffered from Indian attacks, famine, disease, and mistakes </li>
<li>Jamestown was located in a swampy area which caused dysentery and malaria </li>
<li>Spent time looking for gold rather than creating a successful colony. Faced starvation </li>
</ul></li>
<li>Tobacco</li>
<li>
<li>Captain John Smith lead the people of Jamestown</li>
<li>John Rolfe established the tobacco industry which helped Jamestown survive</li>
<li>
<li>Married Pocahontas, an Indian wife</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Virginia Company sent indentured servants: a person who works for a certain amount of years for free transportation</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Transition to a royal colony</li>
<li>
<li>Unwise business decisions caused the demise of the Virginia Company</li>
<li>Bankruptcy caused King James I to take back the colony</li>
<li>Virginia became England’s first royal colony </li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Puritan Colonies</li>
<li>
<li>Religious motivation was the main goal</li>
<li>First two colonies was Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay</li>
<li>
<li>Both settled by English Protestants who were influenced by Calvinism: predestination</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Predestination: belief that God guides those who are to be saved</li>
<li>Puritans were people who wanted to purify their church of Catholic influences </li>
<li>King James I viewed Puritans as a threat and ordered some to jail</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The Plymouth Colony</li>
<li>
<li>Separatists: A group of Puritans who rejected the idea of simply reforming the Church of England</li>
<li>
<li>Wanted to organized a completely different church, independent of royal control</li>
<li>Hundreds of Separatists a.k.a the Pilgrims migrated to Holland to find religious freedom </li>
<li>Faced economic/cultural hardship so they moved again</li>
<li>Boarded the Mayflower and established a new colony at Plymouth</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Held friendly relations with the Natives</li>
<li>Governor William Bradford</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Massachusetts Bay Colony</li>
<li>
<li>Puritans faced persecution from the new king, Charles I</li>
<li>Puritans fled and established the Massachusetts Bay Company</li>
<li>Were led by John Winthrop </li>
<li>A civil war in England drove many settlers to M.B.C, this is known as the Great Migration</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>Early Political Institutions</p>
<li>Majority rule in Plymouth</li>
<li>
<li>Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims drew up and signed a document pledging to make decisions by the will of the majority</li>
<li>Represented early form of colonial self-government and an early form of written constitution</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Representative government at Jamestown</li>
<li>
<li>The Virginia Company guaranteed colonists the same rights they had in England </li>
<li>House of Burgesses: Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America </li>
</ul></li>
<li>Representative government in Massachusetts</li>
<li>
<li>All free men of the Puritan church had the right to participate in yearly elections of the colony’s governor </li>
</ul></li>
<li>Limited nature of colonial democracy</li>
<li>
<li>Only male property owners could vote for representatives</li>
<li>Female or landless and few rights</li>
<li>Slaves and indentured servants had almost no rights at all</li>
<li>Colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers </li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p>European Treatment of Native Americans</p>
<li>The Spanish approach for controlling Native Americans was to conquer, rule, and intermarry with the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas </li>
<li>The English approach was to occupy the land and force the tribes to move to different lands</li>
<li>The French approach was to treat them as allies since they were helpful in the fur business</li>
<li>European colonization brought diseases/wars on Native American population and established a permanent legacy of subjugation</li>
<li>Spanish policy</li>
<li>
<li>Native American died as a result of the conquistadores use of warfare, enslavement, and diseases </li>
<li>Native Americans had no immunity to their diseases</li>
<li>Spaniards intermarried with Indians/Africans</li>
<li>A class system was developed and ruled by pureblooded Spaniards</li>
</ul></li>
<li>English policy</li>
<li>
<li>Initially coexisted, traded, and shared ideas</li>
<li>Peaceful relations gave way to conflict and open warfare</li>
<li>English and no respect for Native American cults and viewed them as savages </li>
</ul></li>
<li>French policy</li>
<li>
<li>French maintained good relations with the Native Americans</li>
<li>Sought out fur trade</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>