why PE/VC?

<p>
[quote]
Do enlighten us Wildflower......</p>

<p>Here's just one article I pulled up about Silicon Valley law firms competing for start up business.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>You can keep pulling articles; or you can talk to people in the industry. While I am not a banker with 30 years of experience, you see, I work in the industry--yes, that means PE-VC. But again, with all due respect, I think you are painting too 'rosy' a picture, which does not reflect the reality of the power game between LPs/GPs. GPs have (almost) everything in their favor. The lawyers have almost no real incentives to side with the entrepreneurs (vs. VCs), whom may or may not be successful in the end (at least VCs offer the opportunity for repeat-business). It's a big gamble to side with entrepreneurs.</p>

<p>Sure, lawyers will claw for the opportunity to work with/for a renown/top/incredibly promising entrepreneur, hoping it'll be the next Google and their short path to retirement. But that's definitely not your average entrepreneur. And let's be serious, how many entrepreneurs can seriously aspire to be the next Google, or the next Microsoft?</p>

<p>Just my humble thoughts on the matter. You are, of course, welcome to disagree and pull up more articles. </p>

<p>
[quote]
GOOG has a dedicated in-house acquisition team of experienced professionals with industry experience just as impressive as any top VC -- they've effectively created their own mini-VC boutique within the firm -- and its global. From Google's prespective, they don't have to outsource the relationship building / valuation work outside of the firm, they can identify opportunities to get in on the action at the "ground floor" and most importantly, their team always has GOOG's best interests in mind.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>This is quite true. Even for VCs the grass is greener on the other side; that other side is now Google. I just hope they'll eventually give me a shot... I hear their free lunches are pretty good...</p>

<p>Sakky, I grant your case with regards to tenured faculty positions. Those are great jobs. Of course, you're never going to be really rich, but you will always live a very comfortable life doing intellectually stimulating work. I probably overstated the case there.</p>

<p>But my larger point remains, especially the "back to basics" walkthrough I tried to do for the OP. If people think that's basically a good rundown, it'd be good to hear someone say that, because I kinda went out on a limb - here I am, a professional of 7 years' experience and a B-school applicant, but not a venture capitalist myself. Feedback welcome there.</p>

<p>Where I'll disagree with you, though, sakky, is:

[quote]
Well, I tend to actually agree with a previous post in that most of them are probably interested in the money. The fact is, during the boom times, VC, frankly, is pretty easy money.

[/quote]

There's easier money to be made in LBO funds. Or in Sales & Trading, as America has recently learned. Or even M&A. But I would argue that as a career, VC is more interesting than those, and more psychically rewarding, for the reasons I explain.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Sakky, I grant your case with regards to tenured faculty positions. Those are great jobs. Of course, you're never going to be really rich,

[/quote]
</p>

<p>According to Forbes Magazine, MIT Electrical Engineering Professor Amar Bose was worth about $1.8 billion through the founding of the Bose Corporation that sells hifi audio equipment based on his own research. </p>

<p>Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adelman are computer science professors at MIT, </p>

<p>
[quote]
Lawyers are anxious to work with entrepreneurs that have genuine VC interest and represent them well. If they do a good job they stand to add another potential Google to their roster for lots of billings down the road.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Lawyers are actually part and parcel of the same problem. Lawyers want to get paid. The problem is that entrepreneurs that are looking for VC don't really have money. That is, after all, why they are looking for VC. Their bargaining power is therefore, by definition, weak relative to that of the VC firm that has plenty of investment capital available and can readily afford to hire the best lawyers in town, especially because they've developed significant experience in working with lawyers and hence will know who the best lawyers are. </p>

<p>
[quote]
As a LP in several VC funds over the years, the returns, long term, have been remarkable and bested hedge funds and other high return investments many years.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I'm happy that your particular VC investments went well. Academic research has shown that the top 10-20% of VC firms do in fact tend to beat the market, often times by a substantial margin.</p>

<p>The problem is that the vast majority - that is, the bottom 80-90% - of VC firms actually lose to the market, such that the overall returns of VC as an aggregate asset class is actually lower than that of the market, after subtracting out fees. You say that many of these funds will not be able to invoke capital calls from institutional investors from this point forward, and that may well be true, but we also have to keep in mind that many of these funds were born from the munificence of those (foolish) institutional investors. To quote Tom Simpson again:</p>

<p>*".."Does the world really need yet one more early stage technology fund focusing on Web 2.0? No. But that is the mentality of many institutional investors."" *</p>

<p>Hence, it may be said that those institutional investors that instigate and propagate herding behavior. VC's may well understand that a particular market is oversaturated with investment and hence prefer to invest in a different sector, but the LP's won't let them. The very best VC's who have developed tremendous reputations may be able to resist the constraints of the LP's and hence invest in what they want. But, like said, the vast majority of VC's are not able to do that. </p>

<p>But, as I've said before, none of that (unfortunately) really matters from the standpoint of the MBA graduate. He just wants to get paid as much as he can while enjoying the best quality of life that he can. If a mediocre VC firm is going to pay him extremely well without demanding that he work that hard - again, I found nobody at the office at 8PM - to make investments that do not match market returns, well, that's what he's going to do. Why not? It's easy money. To be perfectly frank, it sure beats the heck out of working as an engineer, which is (sadly but understandably) why many of the best engineering students don't actually take engineering jobs, preferring to instead be venture capitalists. If somebody offered me a ton of money for not that much work, I'd probably do it too.</p>

<p>
[quote]
But my larger point remains, especially the "back to basics" walkthrough I tried to do for the OP. If people think that's basically a good rundown, it'd be good to hear someone say that, because I kinda went out on a limb - here I am, a professional of 7 years' experience and a B-school applicant, but not a venture capitalist myself. Feedback welcome there.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I agree with the majority of your post regarding the OP. I also agree with sakky that the education route isn't necessarily a bad way to go. Many opportunities abound in the business world, and in regards to innovation academia is a good place to go to find that "cutting edge". I do believe, however, if money is your driving factor then of course this path is less desirable, though a lot of professors I've known make a lot of money in consulting yet do not seem to have money as their underling passion. Most of these profs I know are engineers or scientists, a few economist. Anyway, I wouldn't always say that it's failure if you end up teaching game theory at Princeton on tenure with an acute psychosis.</p>

<p>Sakky, I buy your argument regarding entrepreneurial professors having excellent business opportunities open to them. I've just always assumed it's very difficult to get into that kind of situation when you have research and teaching obligations at the same time. Perhaps I overestimate the strength of an administration's demands.</p>

<p>
[quote]
I would actually disagree: I would say that there is more money to be made in those fields. But not really easier money, in the sense that you don't really have to work grinding hours in VC to make a killing the way that you do in other fields. Like I said, the VC lifestyle is notably relaxed, relative to jobs in other high financial sectors. Maybe that's because of the influence of the California lifestyle, but I have interestingly noted that VC's will demand that their invested entrepreneurs to work insane hours that they are not willing to put in themselves.

[/quote]

...and perhaps that's just California, or a particular time of year. The VCs here in NYC seem to be rather hard-working, and often their evenings are taken up attending showcase events, panels, networking receptions, dinners with LPs or portfolio companies, etc. While you'd expect LBO analysts to be slaving away in front of a hot monitor, I'm not sure a look at a VC's weekly planner would suggest the same work ethic that your anecdote does.</p>

<p>
[quote]
But, as I've said before, none of that (unfortunately) really matters from the standpoint of the MBA graduate. He just wants to get paid as much as he can while enjoying the best quality of life that he can. If a mediocre VC firm is going to pay him extremely well without demanding that he work that hard - again, I found nobody at the office at 8PM - to make investments that do not match market returns, well, that's what he's going to do. Why not? It's easy money. To be perfectly frank, it sure beats the heck out of working as an engineer, which is (sadly but understandably) why many of the best engineering students don't actually take engineering jobs, preferring to instead be venture capitalists. If somebody offered me a ton of money for not that much work, I'd probably do it too.

[/quote]

OK, but that doesn't really get at the OP's question. I think he's trying to reconcile the VALUES he was raised with against the seeming VALUES of the typical MBA graduate. Since top MBA graduates are probably the most rigorously selected-for-success groups of people in the world - and likely have the best opportunities available to them - why would they choose VC as an industry, a platform from which to contribute their gifts to the world? </p>

<p>I'm not sure lazyness quite cuts it, at least not fully. That's why I made a lengthy, impassioned argument that VCs perform quite a valuable role for this economy. Sure, not all of them perform to the ideal, but neither do the majority of companies in ANY industry.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Anyway, I wouldn't always say that it's failure if you end up teaching game theory at Princeton on tenure with an acute psychosis.

[/quote]

yeah, but then you have to put up with Russell Crowe.</p>

<p>
[quote]
...and perhaps that's just California, or a particular time of year. The VCs here in NYC seem to be rather hard-working, and often their evenings are taken up attending showcase events, panels, networking receptions, dinners with LPs or portfolio companies, etc.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>A guy I know did basically the same thing, but with the Boston-area (actually Waltham) VC community, and found the same result: at around 7-8PM, the offices are basically deserted. Let's keep in mind that Silicon Valley and Boston are by far the top two venture capital locales in the world. </p>

<p>In fact, I would argue that what you are seeing in the venture capital community in NYC is itself a regional artifact, as NYC is business community in general is reputed to have a grinding lifestyle. However, the NYC VC community represents only a small minority of the entire VC industry, and frankly, a relatively unsuccessful one compared to that of Silicon Valley or Boston. To borrow Wharton Professor Andrew Metrick's rank ordering system, not a single of the 'top-tier' VC firms, as defined by overall returns, is headquartered in NYC. {Granted, some of them have offices in NYC, but none of them are headquartered there.} </p>

<p>But don't take my word for it. Here's what prominent entrepreneur and venture capitalist Peter Thiel has said:</p>

<p>Mr. Thiel says. He blames a cultural divide: Many VCs "have these very cushy jobs, they get paid a lot," and often can't relate to founders, he says.</p>

<p>PayPal</a> founder Upends Venture Capital World: FiLife (a WSJ partner)</p>

<p>
[quote]
OK, but that doesn't really get at the OP's question. I think he's trying to reconcile the VALUES he was raised with against the seeming VALUES of the typical MBA graduate

[/quote]
</p>

<p>That's my point also: I think the values are fundamentally irreconcilable. Like it or not, intellectualism (the way that I believe the OP defined it) is not properly rewarded. That's why many of the best engineering students in the US do not take jobs as engineers, instead preferring jobs in fields such as as venture capital. </p>

<p>
[quote]
I'm not sure lazyness quite cuts it, at least not fully.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Hey, I'm not saying that it's a bad thing, from the point of view of the person choosing the job. If anything I would say that the strategy is actually brilliant. Work less while making more money - who wouldn't want that? I know I would. </p>

<p>
[quote]
That's why I made a lengthy, impassioned argument that VCs perform quite a valuable role for this economy. Sure, not all of them perform to the ideal, but neither do the majority of companies in ANY industry.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Hey, don't get me wrong; I'm not saying that venture capital doesn't have its value. In fact, I would argue that it may arguably THE most important industry in the world, as the midwife of entrepreneurship and innovation.</p>

<p>However, we also have to recognize that the current structure of VC is deeply flawed, and there really are a lot of people who make a tremendous amount of money for producing shoddy work. Like I said, the bottom 80-90% of VC firms do not produce above-market returns after fees.</p>

<p>
[quote]
To borrow Wharton Professor Andrew Metrick's rank ordering system, not a single of the 'top-tier' VC firms, as defined by overall returns, is headquartered in NYC. {Granted, some of them have offices in NYC, but none of them are headquartered there.}

[/quote]

that may be. I'd be interested in seeing your data, though, just for curiosity's sake. Certainly the biggest names - Sequoia, Kleiner Perkins, Greylock, DFJ, etc - aren't headquartered there, although there are very successful NYC-based partners for DFJ Gotham and Greylock and other firms like Bessemer.</p>

<p>I'm fairly certain FT Ventures has done exceptionally well, too, and they are definitely headquartered in NYC, although their AUM is only about $1.5b last i checked so maybe they don't quite make your list.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Like I said, the bottom 80-90% of VC firms do not produce above-market returns after fees.

[/quote]

to be fair, posting *positive *returns after fees and inflation is technically a valid metric for "success". "above-market" would be a goal but it's not a bare minimum.</p>

<p>To the core of the thread, though:

[quote]
Hey, I'm not saying that it's a bad thing, from the point of view of the person choosing the job. If anything I would say that the strategy is actually brilliant. Work less while making more money - who wouldn't want that? I know I would.

[/quote]

i mean, it's certainly not a bad gig. but if their motivations were purely to have the highest hourly rate, they would probably go into LBO/M&A/S&T - despite even the current troubles in the industry it's still a very secure, VERY well-paid position. if they wanted the most freedom while still giving back to society, being an entrepreneur is something they are well-trained and prepared for. if all they wanted was intellectual stimulation while still making good money, consulting is a great option too, as long as you're not in a lots-of-travel firm and trying to start a family at the same time.</p>

<p>My point is, I would think that at least PART of what makes top MBAs go into VC is nobler motivations having to do with greasing the wheels of capitalism. Not just exposure to the innovations of tomorrow, but a role in judging those innovations. I think there's some intellectual caliber to what they do, and moreover there is a sense of pride they bring to their jobs, even if the lazy bums merely put in 55-hour weeks. So I wouldn't be so quick to concede the OP's point that they're taking the easy way out rather than putting their talents to better use.</p>

<p>
[quote]
that may be. I'd be interested in seeing your data, though, just for curiosity's sake.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>It's not my data. It's Andrew Metrick's (2007) data.</p>

<p>
[quote]
although there are very successful NYC-based partners for DFJ Gotham and Greylock and other firms like Bessemer.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Uh, no they're not. Not really. DFJ Gotham is a subsidiary of DFJ, which is located in (where else?) Menlo Park, California. Greylock doesn't even have a NYC office at all. It has two headquarters: one in San Mateo, California; and the other in Boston (actually Waltham, but that's considered part of Boston metro).</p>

<p>Greylock</a> Partners - Contact Us</p>

<p>Bessemer, I grant you, is a NYC headquartered VC firm. And of course there are others such as Union Square Ventures. But the point simply is that the NYC venture capital community is dwarfed by that of California and Boston. For example, in 2008 2Q, 40% of all VC investment was committed in Silicon Valley. </p>

<p>Silicon Valley and the broader Bay Area, flexing its leadership status in technology during an economic downturn, accounted for a remarkable 40 percent of venture capital investment in the second quarter this year</p>

<p>Silicon</a> Valley takes lead in venture capital investment - People's Daily Online</p>

<p>
[quote]
I'm fairly certain FT Ventures has done exceptionally well, too, and they are definitely headquartered in NYC,

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Again, that's highly debatable. I suppose it depends on what we mean by 'headquartered'; I generally take it to mean the office that houses the most political power, as measured by not the sheer plurality of partners, but also the more politically powerful partners. FTV Capital, formerly known as FT Ventures, has 7 partners, 5 of which actually work out of the San Francisco office, including both founding partners, the managing partner, and the COO/partner. Only 2 partners are in the NYC office, both of them being lower-level partners. Hence, I would strongly argue that FTV Capital is really a San Francisco headquartered VC firm. </p>

<p>FTV</a> Capital</p>

<p>FTV</a> Capital</p>

<p>
[quote]
to be fair, posting positive returns after fees and inflation is technically a valid metric for "success". "above-market" would be a goal but it's not a bare minimum.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I can't agree with that. Anybody can produce a positive rate of return (after fees and inflation) by just investing in TIPS. Anybody can (almost) match the market by just investing in an index ETF. If venture capital as an asset class is to actually provide benefits to its investors, it has to at very least be beating TIPS, and ideally should also be beating the index. </p>

<p>
[quote]
i mean, it's certainly not a bad gig. but if their motivations were purely to have the highest hourly rate, they would probably go into LBO/M&A/S&T - despite even the current troubles in the industry it's still a very secure, VERY well-paid position.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Actually, I would argue that VC may well make higher hourly rates than the functions you listed above, simply because they don't seem to have to work that many hours (certainly not as many as M&A, whose hours are ridiculous). Those other functions may therefore make more total pay, but the VC's are actually able to optimize their quality of life by still making quite high pay while not really having to work that many hours. </p>

<p>To give you an example, since you mentioned Bessemer, Felda Hardymon, who is a Senior Partner at Bessemer, also has time to serve on the faculty at Harvard, including active teaching. How many people working in M&A can reasonably do that? </p>

<p>Biography</a> - G. Felda Hardymon</p>

<p>Similarly, Pete Wendell, founder and MD of Sierra Ventures, teaches a course at Stanford.</p>

<p><a href="https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/facultybios/biomain.asp?id=04667829%5B/url%5D"&gt;https://gsbapps.stanford.edu/facultybios/biomain.asp?id=04667829&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p>

<p>The point is that venture capital is one of the few industries in the world in which you can make a tremendous amount of money while still having a lot of spare time on your hands to do other things. It's a fantastic deal, which is why it is perfectly understandable why so many people want to get in. </p>

<p>
[quote]
My point is, I would think that at least PART of what makes top MBAs go into VC is nobler motivations having to do with greasing the wheels of capitalism. Not just exposure to the innovations of tomorrow, but a role in judging those innovations. I think there's some intellectual caliber to what they do, and moreover there is a sense of pride they bring to their jobs, even if the lazy bums merely put in 55-hour weeks. So I wouldn't be so quick to concede the OP's point that they're taking the easy way out rather than putting their talents to better use.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Again, I'm not saying that the system is detrimental overall. For all its structural flaws, VC, at least in the US, has been fantastically successful in terms of bringing innovative companies to exit. The US is the most technologically innovative nation in the world, and Silicon Valley is the most technologically innovative region in the country, and I certainly credit the venture capital community for playing a key role in enabling that innovation. The world would be a far poorer place, both in terms of wealth and in terms of social utility, were it not for the technologies that venture capital has commercialized. </p>

<p>But at the same time, the venture capital business model of this decade does seem to be broken, or at least is functioning in a highly suboptimal manner. Every year of this decade except for one (I think 2003) will probably produce sub-zero VC returns: not just sub-market returns, but sub-zero returns. I think every observer of the industry agrees that there is just too much money in the industry, meaning that there are too many 'me-too' funds investing in mediocre copycat firms and too many VC's who don't know what they are doing. Like I said, the top 10-20% of firms will continue to produce outsize - in some cases, monstrous - returns, and deservedly so. The problem is that the bottom 80-90% of firms will continue to pollute the market by driving up the competition in the space (hence forcing even the good tech startups to invest millions in countermarketing) and extracting rents from naive entrepreneurs.</p>

<p>But having said all that, I will agree that venture capital, for all of its flaws, and even talking about just the mediocre 80-90% of firms, is still clearly more central to the process of technological innovation than are most engineering jobs in the world. More importantly, venture capital jobs provide more opportunities to learn new things and advance your career than most engineering jobs. Sad but true. As I've always said, the real problem seems to be that most companies don't really provide great career tracks for their engineers. For example, I would argue that few top chemical engineering students want to have a job where their responsibility is just to squeeze out an extra 0.01% yield out of a refinery hydrocracker. I think most of them would be far more interested in working on product design and innovation.</p>

<p>Consider the painful but prophetic words of Nicholas Pearce, former chemical engineering student at MIT. </p>

<p>Even at M.I.T., the U.S.'s premier engineering school, the traditional career path has lost its appeal for some students. Says junior Nicholas Pearce, a chemical-engineering major from Chicago: "It's marketed as--I don't want to say dead end but sort of 'O.K., here's your role, here's your lab, here's what you're going to be working on.' Even if it's a really cool product, you're locked into it." Like Gao, Pearce is leaning toward consulting. "If you're an M.I.T. grad and you're going to get paid $50,000 to work in a cubicle all day--as opposed to $60,000 in a team setting, plus a bonus, plus this, plus that--it seems like a no-brainer."</p>

<p><a href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1156575,00.html%5B/url%5D"&gt;http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1156575,00.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p>

<p>
[quote]
As I've always said, the real problem seems to be that most companies don't really provide great career tracks for their engineers. For example, I would argue that few top chemical engineering students want to have a job where their responsibility is just to squeeze out an extra 0.01% yield out of a refinery hydrocracker. I think most of them would be far more interested in working on product design and innovation.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>I agree.</p>

<p>And, from the above post, I am getting a clearer picture of your complaint; profit is curbing innovation. I'm not sure if VC/PE guys are really to blame for that or if that is a product of our consumer culture. How many start-ups are the product of invention? I would assume not many. Most successful companies are the exploitation of existing products, utilities, and inventions. I agree that it totally sucks, but the best inventor/ion doesn't always win.</p>

<p>
[quote]
Greylock doesn't even have a NYC office at all.

[/quote]

sorry, confused them with Greycroft Partners.</p>

<p>
[quote]
I am getting a clearer picture of your complaint; profit is curbing innovation.

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Not exactly. I don't think the problem is profit at all, if anything it is the lack of profits that are the real problem. I want venture capital investments to be highly profitable. But, like I said, that isn't really happening. Only a small minority (i.e. 10-20%) of VC funds actually provide an above-market rate of return, after subtracting fees. In this decade, VC as an asset class will have almost certainly lost money in every year except one (I think 2003). Hence, they're not just earning sub-market returns, they're earning sub*zero* returns. </p>

<p>The real problem is that the individual venture capitalists are pocketing huge pay packets despite the actual funds themselves not earning exceptional returns and the funded entrepreneurs not enjoying profitable exits. Venture capital is a trilateral investment structure, and the gains and losses should be shared: when an investment portfolio is profitable, everybody (the LP investors, the VC middlemen, and the funded entrepreneurs) should benefit, and, similarly, when an investment is unprofitable, everybody should suffer. The problem is that only the middlemen are prospering when the other parties are not. That's nothing more than rent-seeking. Right now, as the industry is structured, when investments do well, VC's make huge bonuses, but when they don't, oh well, who cares, as the VC's lost somebody else's money, not their own. </p>

<p>Again, I have no problem whatsoever when the individual VC's enjoy huge paydays...as long as all of the other parties benefitted also. The problem is with those (who are the majority of) VC's who don't identify strong investment opportunities, who don't help their entrepreneurs with managerial and networking expertise and consequently who don't produce strong returns... but are still paid well anyway. </p>

<p>But to the OP's point, it is certainly reasonable as to why MBA's would want to enter VC. You can get paid very well even if you don't do a great job and without having to work very hard, and you enjoy opportunities to learn and advance your career in ways that most people, and certainly most engineers, never get. It is therefore an entirely rational decision. If you go in and you are one of the top 10-20%, you will make a killing (and so, happily, will your entrepreneurs and investors). Even if you're within the mediocre bottom 80%, you still make quite exceptional pay. Even the worst VC will still make more than even the best engineer. </p>

<p>
[quote]
How many start-ups are the product of invention? I would assume not many. Most successful companies are the exploitation of existing products, utilities, and inventions. I agree that it totally sucks, but the best inventor/ion doesn't always win

[/quote]
</p>

<p>Actually, I think that is a separate issue which I haven't discussed here but that I also agree is a problem. I would say that, first of all, true invention, in the sense of truly coming up with one's own products independent of other technologies, may indeed be overrated as a source of entrepreneurship. </p>

<p>Facebook, for example, is not really the product of true 'invention'. After all, Web technologies had been well understood for years. Even social networking sites had been around for years before, starting with Friendster and Myspace, and arguably even Geocities and theglobe.com, both of which were founded in 1994. Heck, even the idea of linking oneself with school classmates via the Web had been known since the launch of Classmates.com in 1995. Nor is the technology behind Facebook particularly complicated: a small team of skilled Web programmers could probably reproduce Facebook in maybe a month or so. Google, too, was not particularly 'inventive'. Google was not the first search engine to exist. In fact, at least 15 engines were launched before Google. Nor was Google's first search algorithm a truly new invention: the notion of recursively rank-ordering search results based on citation strength from other sites had not only been well known within the academic literature for decades, but was actually used within the academic community to determine which papers and which scientific journals were more prestigious and hence determined academic tenure and promotion decisions; those papers that were both highly cited and whose citing papers were themselves highly cited were considered to be more prestigious than those who weren't cited at all, and by extension, those journals that tended to publish those highly cited papers were themselves considered to be prestigious. </p>

<p>However, I also believe that individual inventors do get screwed, and the major problem seems to be with the system to protect intellectual property because you often times don't even know whether you're violating somebody's IP. Let's face it. If you're just some regular guy trying to invent something in a garage somewhere, you don't really know whether you're actually violating somebody else's patent. You're not a lawyer. You don't have the resources to carefully vet all of the possible claims of every single tangentially relevant patent among those that are in the patent system. Hence, if you commercialize your invention, you're in constant jeopardy of later being found to be infringing upon a patent that you had never even heard of before. </p>

<p>Nor does filing for a patent yourself really protect you from later allegations of infringement. Numerous granted patents were later invalidated because they failed to cite prior work that the inventor didn't even know about, or similarly that the patent was later found to infringe upon the claims of an older patent that the inventor never knew about. For example, in one famous case, when Kodak decided to develop its own instant camera to compete against Polaroid, Kodak hired a legal skunkworks to carefully examine each and every one of the patents within Polaroid's portfolio and then instructed its R&D team to specifically develop a product that would not violate any of Polaroid's patents. Even after all that, Kodak was still sued by Polaroid anyway, and while some of Polaroid's charges were dismissed, others were sustained, with Kodak ultimately having to pay nearly $1 billion and being forced to exit the instant photography sector. So if even a company with the tremendous resources of Kodak can still be found to be in violation of patent law, what chance does the individual inventor have?</p>