<p>the true fungi are the organisms that belong in the fungi kingdom; acrasiomycota, myxomycota, oomycota all are "fungi-like" protists because they also form filaments (hyphae) or bear spores. The main difference between them and fungi is that their cell walls are made of cellulose rather than chitin (real fungi). Also, most of them, unlike most fungi, do not have septa that seperates the filaments, resulting in them being multinucleited in a single cell, or coenocytic</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Yeah...also for sexual reproduction on the cellular level..fungi reproduce in 3 steps: plasmogamy: 2 cells from differnet strains of fungi fuse together into one cellular unit containing 2 different nuclei, both haploid (this unit is called dikaryon)
Then, the nuclei fuse together to form one diploid nuclei: this is called karyogamy
Then, meiosis occurs to make the daughter cells haploid again; the dominant form of fungi is the gametophyte, which is haploid. </p></li>
<li><p>NOt sure. My guess is that when LH phase is reached, one follicle/egg is favored and the others slowly die off, so FSH isn't needed anymore. </p></li>
<li><p>tropomyosin is a protein that forms part of the thin filaments of a sacromere. It wraps aroudn the actin and covers teh troponin when the muscle is at rest. When the muscle contracts, Ca++ ions cause the tropomyosin to slide and expose the troponin, which binds to the myosin heads with ATP, causing the head to attach and slide down, causing the two actin filaments to move closer together. </p></li>
</ol>
<p>Name some plant hormones and their functions.</p>
<h2>Yeah, in a nutshell tropomyoson is the sheath that covers troponin--the so called sight of attachment on the actin for the myosin.</h2>
<h2>I honestly, haven't seen any questions that asked for indepth reproduction of mushrooms on a bio ap exam. I disregarded it, and went on to other things in my book.</h2>
<p>1.auxin-basically is a plant hormone that promotes elongation, particulary phototropism, or the movement of a plant in a direction in response to light. Darwin Jr. in 1880 wanted to know why plants bent toward light. Boysen and Jensen in 1910 discovered there was a chemical stimulus. Went then discovered it was auxin, and plants dont need to in light all the time to grow--long day short day plants.
2.Gibberlins-typically in infant plants, growth and elongation.
3.Cytokines-promotes the growth in gerth in plants; meristematic growth in the cortex.
5.Absisic Acid-inhibitory, pro-dormancy hormone so to speak; It's seen in the winter.
6.Ethylene-Fruit Ripening</p>
<h2>7.Florigen-Flowering</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.How dod Rhizopoda feed.
2.Bicarbonate is secreted by__<strong><em>, for the purpose of</em></strong>__.
3.What a the Nymph cycle?
4.What is parallel evolution?</p>
<p>Not hard at all, but ok.</p>
<p>1.Rhizopoda are just amoebas. They use their pseudopods or false feet in a process called phagocytosis.
2.Bicarbonate is secreted by the pancreas, in order to increase th pH--making it less acidic after going through the stomach. Obviously, the stomach has a low pH, possibly 3.5--from HCL, which is secreted by gastrin.
3.Nymp cycle:the progeny is a minature version of the parent--and through time by shedding its chitenous exoskeleton, will grow to the size of the parent.</p>
<h2>4.Parallel evolution:Cause and effect evolution. As the prey develops a defense mechanism, the predator adapts, and evolves;it's cyclic.</h2>
<p>open question.</p>
<p>Carbon dioxide normally travels through the bloodstream in what form?</p>
<p>CO2 travels in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions. This is converted from CO2 gas in the red blood cells by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase</p>
<p>what is the name of the fluid in open circulatory system?</p>
<h2>Hm, if I remember correctly, when looking at the open circulatory system of a grasshopper in the beginning of the school year, I'd have to say hemolymph.</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.What is the purpose of the Gram Stain Technique?
2.The Frequency of a Hardy Weingberg Equilibrium is always equal to__.
3.What are the purpose of parabronchi in four chambered hearts? (obviously talking about birds).</p>
<p>The gram stain technique is used to classify bacteria according to the properties of their membranes. Gram negative bacteria have an extra layer on their membrane...they have less peptidoglycan but have an extra layer of lipopolysaccharides. BC of this more complex cell wall, the gram stain can't penetrate it, and many antibiotics dont work against it. Gram positive have simpler cell walls with more peptidoglycan</p>
<p>p^2+2pq+q^2=1, so i guess 1. </p>
<p>the parabronchi allows air flow during respiration to go in one direction. This prevents the possibility of residual air left in alveoli when humans breath. Bc of this, birds breath more efficiently and can function in higher altitudes. I dont know how it relates to four chambered hearts.<br>
(thanks for the question..i forgot about parabronchi)</p>
<p>which process in the nitrogen cycle involves converting inorganic nitrogen to a form of nitrogen plants can use?</p>
<p>Hm, well parabronchi: you basically covered it. Parabronchi are the part of the four chambered heart in birds, which allow for gas exchange. Now, remember that birds have four chambered hearts.
1.First inhale-posterior sac
2.First inhale-parabronchi
3.Second inhale-anterior sac
4.Second inhale-oxygen leaves the body.</p>
<h2>It's one way flow.</h2>
<h2>Ok, nitrogen fixing bacteria changes N2 to NH3 (ammonium), which is usable by plants. Nitryfying bacteria changes it from nitrite to nitrate, which then when denitrified by denitrifying bacteria turns back to N2. Whoah, i haven't looked at that in a while.</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.What is the syrynx?
2.What is the threshold value in mV?
3.What is the structure of an amino acid?
4.What's the difference between a light and compound microscope?</p>
<p>I'll take care of the amino acid one.</p>
<p>There is the central carbon, with an amino group, hydroxyl group, a hydrogen, and "R" group attached to it.</p>
<p>Describe the process of escalating protein complexity (from amino acid to say a quarternary structure).</p>
<p>dont know what syrnyx is
threshold value..uh...something below +30mV</p>
<p>the amino acids bind together in some order determined by genes (translation). Then, hydrogen bonding b/t amino and carboxyl groups of amino acids form alpha helixes and beta pleated sheats. Then, hydrogen bonding, inonic bonding b/t the R groups cause more twisting and folding. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions cuase more twisting. Disulfide bridges form. </p>
<p>Name and describe the two steps of photosyntehsis.</p>
<h2>The syrynx is the bird's equivalent to a layrnx.</h2>
<h2>The threshold value for action potential is +30mv.</h2>
<h2>I've discussed photosynthesis already: basically--involves the the chloroplast, which is located in the thykaloid membrane. There's cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation (photo=light, which is used to make ATP). Noncyclic involves both photosystems, cyclic only uses one. Photosystem I has phytochrome p700 (attracts light), and Photosystem II has p680. NADH is a byproduct of noncyclic cycle, and is used along with ATP in the Calvin Cycle to make glucose. Water is important in that it is broken down, into oxygen, which is used to donate electrons--two of them. I don't think serious detail is needed. I mean, the electron transport chain in plants--oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Photosynthesis takes place in the spongy mesophyl in the leaf. I think that suffices.</h2>
<p>1.Describe RNA processing.</p>
<p>wait..the resting potential is -70mV. The action potential is around 30mV. So the threshold potential would be something in between wouldnt it?</p>
<p>RNA processing: 5' caps are added to both ends of the RNA, and poly-A tails are added..made of adenine nucleotides. This controls the mvemnt of RNA
Then, introns are deleted and exons are spliced together.</p>
<p>describe the two basic ways virus cause death to cells.</p>
<h2>Yeah, sorry I forgot what i was exactly asking. Resting potential is at -70mv. Threshold value is at +30mv.</h2>
<h2>Yes, the GTP is the cap that's placed at the head so to speak of the mRNA. Poly A tail at the end. Splicesomes called snRPS splice the exons together.</h2>
<h2>Viruses replaced in either a lytic or lysogenic process. Lytic is the immediate breaking of the cell. The DNA/RNa of the Viruses is immediately transcribed (this case RNA). Lysogenic Viri integrate their RNA using a retroviruses into the DNA of a host cell.</h2>
<p>1.What are the purpose of Restriction Enzymes?
2.What are the purpose of excission repair Enzymes?
3.What is the difference between a monocot and dicot plant?</p>
<p>Ok, pretty simple.</p>
<p>1.Restriction Enzymes are involved in recombinant DNA--prokaryotes and plasmids. They bind, and then cleave recognition sites. Sticky ends are produced. The Plasmid and the circular chromosome of DNA attach at eachothers stickey ends. Basically, you need to know what plasmids are--F plasmid (form pilus) and R plasmids (involved in antibiotic resistance). Plasmids basically enhance bateria. The Restriction Enzyme also has the ability to kill bacteriophages (virus').
2.Excision repair enzymes are involved in replication of DNA. They cut and cleave and mutations such as Thymine Dimers (to bonded thymines--purine and purine; can't work).</p>
<h2>3.Monocot is haploid, dicots are diploid. Monocots develop underground, and dicots developed about ground, and give way to the embryonic seed leaves (2).</h2>
<p>open question. I know there are a "ton" of AP bio kids also.</p>
<p>what is cyclic AMP and what does it do</p>
<h2>cAMP is involed in gene expression; it's the typical protein aceptor in the lac and trp operon's of E. Coli.</h2>
<p>1.<strong><em>is the movement of cytoplasm, which divvies the cell in two halves during telophase.
2.What is the purpose of a Macrophage?
3.</em></strong>waves move a bolus down your esophagus.</p>
<p>i'm back.
1. cytokinesis? or are u talking about cleavage?
2. it is used in immune system to digest bacteria and is also used as an antigen-presenting cell.</p>
<h2>3. peristalsis.?</h2>
<p>What are forms of macroevolution?</p>
<h2>Macroevoltion: Reflects a series of species, or population. Two major examples include Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium. Gradualism involves slow and minute changes in the phenotype of a particular specie. On the other hand, punctuated equilibrium--the name speaks for itself. A population undergoes long periods of "normalcy" so to speak, and then rapid changes in phenotype.</h2>
<p>1.What is the purpose of interleukin?</p>
<h2>2.What is responsible for balance in the human body?</h2>
<p>So, any reasoning as to what bio SAT II test to take?</p>
<ol>
<li>I think interleukin is some kind of cell signaling molecule..its a cytokine?<br></li>
<li><p>Not sure what you mean...all systems are in some ways responsible for balance in the human body</p></li>
<li><p>what are seminal vesicles?</p></li>
<li><p>whats a chorion</p></li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>the purpose of interleukin is to mediate and enhance the activity of immune system cells especially cytotoxic killer T cells and natural killer cells.</li>
<li>the balance of the human body is homeostasis that is regulated by endocrine and nervous system responses from the body. regulation occurs in brain in areas such as the hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands, as well as the medulla itself.</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do? where are they made?</li>
<li>how does pcr work?</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<p>i dunno yet which sat ii bio i'm gonna take. prolly gonna see what i feel stronger in. i mean, m seems good, but then again, i've heard that it has harder questions and i may know e a little better. i guess just judge by your strengths.</p>