<ol>
<li>the seminal vesicles help excrete semen.</li>
<li>a chorion is the outermost membrane in an egg.</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do? where are they made?</li>
<li>how does pcr work?</li>
</ol>
<p>I can't answer the first question.</p>
<p>But, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a common method of creating copies of specific fragments of DNA. PCR rapidly amplifies a single DNA molecule into many billions of molecules.</p>
<p>My own question:</p>
<p>Which organisms digest cellulose in termites?</p>
<p>oh..shoot. It's some kind of bacteria..E. coli? I'm not sure. </p>
<p>what are the differences between r-selection and k-selection organisms?</p>
<h2>Well, I would have accepted the Cerebellum, and tympanic membrane of the ear for the human body's balance.</h2>
<h2>This has been asked already. Nor epinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters much like GABA's and Acetylcholine. Epinephrine is another name for adrenaline basically. They are stored in the synaptic vessicle of the presynaptic neron. They're triggered by Ca+2 ions...see more from previous posts of mine. Get into EPSP and IPSP, as a result of the opening of K (inhibitory)or Na (excitatory) channels.</h2>
<h2>Well, E. Coli--it can't digest cellulose because it's in our large intestine. So, if that's the case we could digest cellulose. It's some type of bacteria. The organisms that can do so are called Ruminants.</h2>
<h2>K strategists are humans--study growth, few offspring, take care of offspring, etc. R strategists are like bacteria, reproduce exponentially. They live for a short period of time, produce many progeny.</h2>
<p>1.What is a hepatic portal vein?</p>
<h2>2.Where does independent asortment occur? That, and what two other methods promote genetic variation in meiosis?</h2>
<p>Sorry I was away fellas.</p>
<p>Independent assorment occurs in maybe metaphase I of meiosis (probably wrong). Other things that cause variation are crossing over and random fertilization.</p>
<h2>No, you're right. Don't doubt yourself...</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.<strong><em>is a plant with a vascular system. In other words, it contains a _</em></strong><em>and a _</em>.
2.What make angiosperms so unique?</p>
<ol>
<li>tracheophyte, xylem, phloem.</li>
</ol>
<h2>2. flowers, fruits, monocots/dicots.</h2>
<ol>
<li>describe the bohr shift and how hemoglobin binds to oxygen.</li>
<li>what are nonspecific mechanisms of immunity?</li>
</ol>
<p>dammit i can't remember what the bohr shift, although I am pretty positive it is named after a Neil Bohr, and I remember when we talked about it in class.</p>
<h2>Niel Bohr--in terms of biology, the bohr effect basically states more CO2, the more acidic the blood is. Not good. In turn, the Hemoglobin releases oxygen into the tissues; basically, the remaining oxygen off the hemo globin asks as a final reserve for respiration. Remember too much CO2 and low pH--compels the human body to breath--you need oxygen. Why? It's ostensible, because of the need of oxygen in aerobic respiration--forming ATP (energy), which allows your body to function.</h2>
<p>Fabrizio:Remember, Prezygotic factors are before conception (forgive me for sounding a bit condascending). Post Zygotic factors, are after conception. They prevent breeding among different species.</p>
<p>Prezygotic:
1.Temporal Isolation-reproduction at different times of the year (season)</p>
<p>2.Habitat Isolation-specie's habitats are in different areas (don't interact).</p>
<p>3.Behavioral Isolation-mating rituals.</p>
<p>4.Mechanical Isolation-reproductive organs differ amongst different species.</p>
<p>5.Gamete Isolation-the egg and sperm aren't compatible with other species--aren't interchangeable.</p>
<p>Postzygotic:</p>
<p>a. Hybrid Sterility:i.e. mule, new species is sterile/infertile.
b. Hybrid Inviability:the progeny of the interspecial breeding dies at a young age.</p>
<h2>c. Hybrid Breakdown:The products of interspecial breeding, in turn--breed, and form offspring that die.</h2>
<p>1.Elucidate:the purpose of MHC markers (I and II).
2.What is cDNA, and RFLP?
3.What is the archeteron? How are the Protostome and Deuterostome formed?</p>
<p>No offense, but IvyLeagueORBust i find many of your questions a bit obscure. I did relatively well on a practice test I took without studying (5 range) and I do not know answers to half the questions you are asking.</p>
<ol>
<li>MHC I markers are on every body cell. MHC II markers are on specialed cells that are antigen presenting. both are sort of "self" markers on the membranes of cells.</li>
<li>cDNA is copied DNA that is made from reverse transcriptase from RNA. RFLP are repeat fragment length polymorphisms that show up in the genome. They are used to determine paternity suits and are used in DNA tests in court. They're sorta like DNA fingerprints b/c there's such a low probability of having the same RFLP as someone else.</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>What are sticky ends?</li>
<li>Describe the process of translation.</li>
</ol>
<h2>Ah, that's because honestly: biology is common sense. For the essays, many cases, people who went through an average bio course and can reason out the choices. I mean, i thought my biology teacher was awesome--sadly i barely paid attention. So, the nights before tests I'd just re-read review books, and do activities on a website. Uh, appreciate your comment--i guess? haha.</h2>
<h2>Archenteron is the opening of the blastopore--the protostome forms by split in tissues on the side wall. Deuterostomes are formed by pouches.</h2>
<h2>Sticky ends are produced by restriction enzymes. Kirby, I talked about this already. It envolves recombinant DNA, Circular chromosome of Prokaryote and plasmid.</h2>
<h2>Translation: formation of a protein from the mRNA produced in transcription and fixed in processing. Again, this was gone over already; but, I suppose review doesn't hurt. The tRNA transports mRNA to subunit called rRNA.Basically, then the top ribisome subunit attaches. The anticodon, usually a ATG start codon at the P site. P site, or anticodon (tRNA) starts with meth amino acid. It continues. A site is the one on right. E sight on left. A site brings new tRNA, producing new codon. Codons over 64 of them code for 20 amino acids. So, repeats occur. If someone would care to elaborate on the P, A, and E site, thanks. Stop codon is a UAC of UCC, or something of that nature. The polypeptide, untaches...and continues on its merry way continue structure formation (primary, secondary, and at tertiary is functional).</h2>
<p>1.What are transposons? How do they induce mutations?
2.What is a T dimer?</p>
<h2>(simple)</h2>
<p>Is it hard/easy to score extremely high on the SAT II's? I'm more nervous about that test than the AP for some reason.</p>
<p>
[quote]
The anticodon, usually a ATG start codon at the P site. P site, or anticodon (tRNA) starts with meth amino acid. It continues. A site is the one on right.
[/quote]
I think it should be AUG start codon (easy typo there, no prob). I found it funny about the meth amino acid. Taken out of context, that's pretty funny. the meth lab continues ;-p</p>
<p>ivy:</p>
<h2>based on teh stuff you post here, you're fine for the sat ii bio. i've seen some practice tests and it seems a lotta animal physio. and you kno that stuff well it seems. if you're this ready for ap, you shouldn't have much trouble w/ the sat ii. i'm pretty much in the same boat as you; i've never taken any sat iis... btw, what grade are you in?</h2>
<ol>
<li>transposons are bits of genetic information taht can jump between various chromosomes messing up phenotypes and adding mutations into genes. this is caused by the addition of new bases where there weren't any before. usually its entire strings of bases that get transposed.</li>
<li>a thymine dimer are two thymines bonded together forming a protrusion from the dna strands.</li>
</ol>
<h2>my bads on teh repeat questions.</h2>
<ol>
<li>how does blood clot?</li>
<li>what's summation and tetanus?</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>blood clots because platelets congeal and then...do things. </li>
</ol>
<p>no, scratch that. blood clots because George Bush commands it to. </p>
<p>so i'm not in AP bio, but i just wanted to say: IvyLeagueORbust, you are an academic BEHEMOTH.</p>
<p>edit: i'm pretty sure tetanus is a disease. and summation is when you add things together.</p>
<p>^--- agreed. not the blood clot part and the tetanus/summation part... ;/</p>
<h2>Ok, blood clots mainly because your second level of immunity (going into third possibly) has been breeched. Platelets, and enzymes such as prothrombin clog the site. I believe that also that coincides with an inflammatory response, release of histamine. Histamine has lymphocytes(white blood cells) come to the area that's infected; it makes the environment inhabitable for any pathogens and what not.</h2>
<h2>Tetanus is basically the repeated contraction of muscles.Summation is basically, the "sum" of all of the excitatory and inhibitory channles that are open (K and Na ions).</h2>
<h2>Thanks guys (Bohemoth, haha). Yeah, I hope we do awesome on our SAT II and AP. I need to find multiple choice for biology though. I have AP questions, most of the stuff is easy (knock on wood)--i just need to go over endocrine and excretory.</h2>
<p>open question.</p>
<p>open question.</p>
<p>Question(s):
1.RuBP not only fixes carbon, but also_<strong><em>. This process is known as</em></strong><strong><em>; it is bad.</em></strong>___ helps in regulating the_______supply.
2.Name a carrier protein in the electron transport chain.
3.What are Linked Genes?
4.What is polygenic inheritance?
(shouldn't be too hard).</p>
<ol>
<li>oxygen. photorespiration. stomata help in regulating the CO2 supply.?? this one seems sorta vague.</li>
<li>NADP+ for photosynthesis; FAD and NAD+ in cellular respiration</li>
<li>linked genes are genes taht are on the same chromosome and aren't inherited randomly (i.e. violates the law of independent assortment)</li>
<li>phenotypes that are determined by more than one gene locus (e.g. eye color, height, etc.)</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>describe the development of the circulatory system in animals (heart, open/closed circ. sys).</li>
<li>what are the various types of antibodies and their functions?</li>
</ol>
<h2>Yeah, stomata controlled the CO2 supply, but--when you observe it on a smaller scale (intracellular), peroximes help break oxygen down.</h2>
<h2>Yes, NaDP+ turns into NADPH. FAD turns into FADH2 and NAD turns into NADH. You could have said cytochrome.</h2>
<h2>linked genes, they're located on the same chromosome as you said, but when inherited they bring about multiple traits (no, I'm not talking about Pleitropy). Since, they're on the same chromosome--a fly could inherit red eyes and long wings, all for the price of one. (elucidate if you can).</h2>
<h2>Variation in the population promotes various alleles.</h2>
<p>1.Closed Circulatory system is when the blood is enclosed to vessels basically--humans for example, or other mamalia.
Open Circulatory system is when there is a mix between blood and interstitual fluid (hemolymph in grasshoppers).
Evolution of the heart: Two chamber heart in organisms such as fish and three chambered hearts in reptilian species--not good, mixes deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, ergo such organisms need to be suitable environments because their blood temperature is directly proportional to the temp. of the environment (poikilotherms/ectotherms). Four chambered hearts sperate the oxygenated (O2 rich) and deoxygenated (CO2) rich blood by have 2 atria and 2 ventricles (endotherms)--birds, humans.
2.Phagocytes:engulf pathogens. one time is a neutrophil. </p>
<h2>Natural Killer cells: kill pathogens or infected cells.</h2>
<p>1.What is the purpose of the vascular cambium?
2.What are inteferons?
3.Provide an example of a CAM plant.
4.In a seed a seed the <strong><em>gives rise to the root, the</em></strong> gives rise to the shoot tip, the _____gives rise to the shoot itself.</p>