<p>Good answer</p>
<p>Mk another question, compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis</p>
<p>mitosis produces 2 diploid cells, somatic cells multiply this way
meiosis produces 4 haploid cells, gametes are produced this way</p>
<p>Q: what is a gastrovascular cavity?</p>
<p>It is a digestive cavity with only one opening likeeeee hydra..</p>
<p>Uhh..</p>
<p>Q: Describe the structure of DNA</p>
<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid</p>
<p>double-stranded; double-helix formation; adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine nucleotides; sugar-phosphate backbone</p>
<p>Q: What is the female reproductive structure in plants and what are its three parts?</p>
<p>DNA is made up of repeated subunits of nucleotides.</p>
<p>Each nucleotide has:</p>
<p>-5 carbon sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogenous base</p>
<p>How is oxygen transported throughout the body</p>
<p>female reproductive structures (3) - carpel/pistil consists of ovary, style, and stigma</p>
<p>oxygen is transported via veins</p>
<p>Q: Describe how muscle contraction works</p>
<p>ATP binds to myosin head and forms ADP + P; Ca 2+ exposes binding sites on actin; cross bridges b.t. myosin heads and actin filaments form; ADP and P are released and sliding motion of actin results; ATP causes cross bridges to unbind</p>
<p>Q: How are C3, C4, and CAM plants different?</p>
<p>C3 - light reactions then goes onto Calvin cycle</p>
<p>C4 - CO2 first combines w/ PEP (via PEP carboxylase) to form OAA (takes place in mesophycells) then OAA is converted to malate which goes into the bundle sheath cells where it gets converted to CO2 and pyruvate. CO2 goes through calvin cycle and pyruvate is shuttled back to mesophyll cell so that it can be reconvereted to PEP</p>
<p>CAM - at night stomatas are open, at day, stomatas are closed (evolutionary adaptation to conserve CO2 loss and minimize the effects of photo respiration) basically the process is same as C4 except that OAA is converted to malic acid instead of malate and that malic acid goes to vacuole of the cell instead of to bundle sheath cells.</p>
<p>Q: Describe the difference between batesian and mullerian mimicry.</p>
<p>Müllerian mimicry occurs when several animals, all with some special defense
mechanism, share the same coloration. Müllerian mimicry is an effective strategy because a single pattern, shared among several animals, is more easily learned by a predator than would be a different pattern for every animal. Thus, bees, yellow jackets, and wasps all have yellow and black body markings.</p>
<p>Batesian mimicry occurs when an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense. For example, some defenseless flies have yellow and black markings but are avoided by predators because they resemble the warning coloration of bees.</p>
<p>What is:</p>
<p>direction selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection</p>
<p>Directional Selection is when a species/population adapts towards a specific "extreme" trait.</p>
<p>Stabilizing Selection is when a species/population adapts to be in the "middle," between extreme traits.</p>
<p>Disruptive Selection is when a species/populations splits, some adapting to a certain "extreme" trait as the others adapt toward the opposite trait.</p>
<p>What are the major plant hormones and their purposes?</p>
<p>Direction selection - Selection against one extreme
Stabilizing selection - Selection against both extremes
Disruptive selection - Selection against the middle</p>
<p>Plant hormones, go.</p>
<p>Edit: HOLY CRAP, WE HAD THE SAME QUESTION!!!11 lawl.</p>
<p>directional selection - Traits that are at one end are favored.</p>
<p>stabilizing - Traits that are most common are favored.</p>
<p>disruptive - Traits that are the most uncommon (at the extreme ends of a range) are favored</p>
<p>What are the conditions that HAVE to be met for ideal hardy-weinberg equilibrium to occur in a population?</p>
<ol>
<li>Random mating</li>
<li>No gene flow</li>
<li>Large population</li>
<li>No mutations</li>
<li>No selection</li>
</ol>
<p>Anyway, plant hormones.</p>
<p>Auxins - promotes elongation of developing cells in plants. Heavily influences phototropism and geotropism.</p>
<p>Gibberellins - Promotes cell growth, fruit development, seed germination, and slows down aging of leaves</p>
<p>Ethylene - Promotes ripening of fruit</p>
<p>ABA - delays growth and maintains dormancy in seeds</p>
<p>Cytokinins - stimulates cell division</p>
<p>Gibberellins - Promote stem elongation (dwarf plants)
Cytokinins - Promote cell division and differention
Ethylene - fruit ripening
Abscisic acid - promotes bud and seed formancy
auxsins - promotes plant growth</p>
<p>What is</p>
<p>mRNA
tRNA
rRNA</p>
<p>Q: Describe the mechanisms involved in movement of water and dissolved minerals in plants</p>
<p>(expanding to the C3, c4, cam question)</p>
<p>C3 plants are the most common. They are the ones that fix carbon (carbon fixation) through the calvin cycle. These plants are present in areas of sunlight and places where water is easily accesible. I think they also have to be in high C02 areas because they need the specific enzyme rubp, Also remmeber rubisco and that the calvin cycle is ONLY c3 photosynthesis. </p>
<p>C4 plants - found in much warmer and dryer areas. The difference from C3 is the enzyme that it uses which i believe is PEP (for fixing as oppose to rubisco) and Oxaccetic acid or something like that. The end result of C4 photo creates C02 and a pyruvate. They have bundled sheaths which is basically a necessity for it to survive in the warmer climates. Probably the most important thign about C4 is there is more photosynthesis (meaning less photorespiration) and opening and closing of the stomata as a control to the amount of water leaving the plant (water conservation). </p>
<p>CAM - Crassulacean(hope i spelled this right) Acid Metabolism, its very identical to C4 photosynthesis. The only thing is the acid used i think its malic acid and during the day the stomata is closed and at night it is open. I think th e major thing is photosynthesis can occur even when the stomata is closed. </p>
<p>Plant Hormones:
(hope im not wrong...)</p>
<p>Auxins - promotes plant growth.
Gibberleins - also promoters of plant growth
ABA - inhibits growth.</p>
<p>(i think theres a few more i cant remmeber them)</p>
<p>mRNA - used in protein synthesis, transcripted from DNA and has poly-A tail and 5' cap on it.
tRNA - has amino acid on one side, and anti-codon on other, which is used in protein synthesis. The anti-codons match up to the mRNA, but the third nucleotide doesn't really matter (wobble effect)
rRNA - ribosomal RNA. Makes up ribosomes?</p>