<p>lutheranism called for only 3 sacraments vs. the many called by catholicism. lutheranism also called for less ceremony and that each person was his/her own priest and didn't have to have a priest preach for you. as a byproduct of this, lutheran churches were decorated less and only hymns, poetry, and bible readings occurred in church as compared to catholic churches ceremony. the final gauge to accuracy was the bible and not any secular authority.</p>
<p>discuss the major movements and events of the french revolution.</p>
<p>the movements or ideals of the FR were liberty, equality and fraternity.
First stage of FR is when the Estates General was met in Versailles, they declared themselves the national assembly, took tennis court oath, declaration of rights of man (free speech, due process, consent of governed),
Civil constitution of the clergy (clergymen paid by state and pope isn't the authority). Second Stage is radical when Legislative assembly has divisions- Jacobins vs Girondists. Robespierre executes Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. Terror- about 40k people killed. Final Stage - Directory- 5 man executive. Napoleon then overthrows directory in a coup.</p>
<p>next question: what were causes/effects of the 30 Years War</p>
<p>the causes of the 30 years war were the differences between protestants and catholics, specifically the militant calvinists who weren't mentioned in the peace of augsburg. lutherans were getting more influence and catholics were afraid of this. the immediate cause was the defenestration of prague where they threw out ferinand's deputies.</p>
<h2>fx: probably the beginning of a new military "revolution" with the swedish army. one of, if not, the last wars based on religion and the political nature of later wars. set up bourbon and habsburg rivalry in europe. the loss of power by the HRE.</h2>
<p>how was the scientific method devloped? by whom? what did it consist of? what were its effects?</p>
<p>the scientific method was developed by bacon and descartes. bacon was inductive reasoning and took a specific detail and expanded on it; descartes was deductive reasoning and took a general idea and went specific details. scientific method consisted of a combination of both inductive and deductive reasoning. it made reason a large part of society especially in the enlightenment period. the effects of the scientific method went on to be continually used today.</p>
<p>mercantilism expanded exports and decreased imports. high tariffs on trade usually resulted from mercantilism. also, usually trade between the mother nation and the colonies revolved around the mother nation getting raw resources and then the mother nation selling the products it makes to the colonies and abroad. it relied on getting high amounts of bullion like gold or silver.</p>
<p>european nations tried to decrease the economies of other nations by using it. through a policy of mercantilism, internal products tended to gain value and the budget usually ended up balancing out because of limited external products flooding domestic markets.</p>
<p>Created by Colbert, Mercantilism was the theory that a nations wealth is measured by the amount of gold they have. It advoated a favorable balance of trade (export more than import.) The overseas colonies give mother country raw materials. This inspired Old Imperialism in 17th century. England colonized US india australia, africa and parts of asia. </p>
<p>Come on people there must be more of us taking the Euro exam.. gotta compete with the Bio and US threads. Also, anyone have any DBQ essay predictions? I am really hoping for a cultural period essay/ WWI/WWII/causes of protestant reformation(easy stuff lol). Not sure about the DBQ.</p>
<p>Next Q: Describe the War of Three Henrys and if it really was a "religious war"</p>
<p>Wow kirbywamu beat me to it.. I'll take his question then.</p>
<p>Cavour was PM of Sardinia Piedomont, he reformed it into a liberal constitutional monarchy with rail roads, abolish manorialism, increased industry and decreased the influence of the RCC. He then tricked austria into war, and had Napoleon III promise to back him up, so he could annex Astrian territory in Northern Italy. He only got Lombardy but the other areas declared independence and plebicites for unification.</p>
<p>Question: what contributed to the breakdown of reason pre and post WWI and what ideas did it include?</p>
<p>pre-WWI, the breakdown of reason was largely caused by the new discoveries in science, sociology, and psychology. einstein's papers on relativity put newtonian physics and a predicatable universe at question. sociology, much anti-semitism and zionist movements were abroad that caused much turmoil in countries. freud's psychoanalysis and repression ideas added to the radically new changing ideas in europe pre-WWI. freud suggested that humans weren't able to control something in their own minds: the subconcious. more disorder ensued.</p>
<h2>post wwi, reason broke down due to the carnage and inhumanity that occurred during wwi. was man really civilized or was he still a beast? artistic movements, literary movements, and new thought processes followed wwi. chaos and disorder followed, naturally progressing as man tried to find his/her true identity.</h2>
<p>what was behind the notions of imperialism and expansion in the 19th and 20th centuries? what brought about its end?</p>
<p>The main reason for the imperialistic surge in Europe was for the hope of rise in nationalism, and increased wealth. Fighting for land in Europe was detrimental to a country's economy, social welfare, and living conditions. Therefore, the powerful countries of Europe took it to other continents. Another motive was the ethnocentrism in Europe. They believed that their culture was superior to the other races, and its their duty to spread it( I.E, "The White Man's Burden").
The immediate cause for the end in Imperialism was the start of WWI. The countries did not have the resources or the time to maintain all of these colonies. </p>
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Describe the faliures of each of the enlightenment monarchs</p>
<p>joseph ii of austria was too ambitious towards the enlightenment cause. his reign introduced so many new reforms that it alienated the nobility and after he died, his successor repealed many of his reforms and reverted back to the traditional absolutist government.</p>
<p>louis xiv lavishly lived life and drove france's surplus budget into high debt. examples of his lavish existence include versailles, grand parties, and huge social life at versailles. another fault that occurred was his constant push for france to expand its territories, especially to its natural border with Germany at the rhineland. his many wars depleted the treasury and also alienated him from his citizens despite his many achievements.</p>
<p>peter the great of russia westernized quickly in russia and tried to establish a precedent for enlightenment. some of his policies alienated the nobility and peasantry from their traditional russian culture. on a similar note, catherine the great reformed russia too quickly. she gave the peasants too much freedom and they revolted against their masters starting a bloody rebellion that ended with many lives lost and a repeal of further enlightened laws.</p>
<p>frederick the great established an enlightened monarchy in prussia. he passed many laws tht strengthened prussia, at the expense of the peasantry. his junker society allowed for the nobility to treat the peasants however they wished.</p>
<h2>mostly, all of these enlightened monarchs were very hypocritical. when they said that they were enlightened, it meant that they would provide more freedoms for their people, but in the end most of them only provided nominal changes and retained the traditional absolutist state. peasants weren't freed; the nobility and the monarchy were strengthened, but nothing was really changed except what the rulers called themselves. in one of the only instances of actually increasing freedoms and toleration, joseph ii's austria, it crumbled quickly after his death due to reforming too quickly and upsetting the landed classes.</h2>
<p>what were the effects of gorbachev's new policies he introduced to the USSR?</p>
<p>Gorbachev's new policies of peristroika and glasnot definitely helped reconciliate the USSR and the USA. However, they also did not discourage eastern european universities from freeing themselves from communism and then the USSR fell apart, economically and politically. Ultimately Communist hard-liners staged a coup and Gorbachev was forced to resign.</p>
<p>Describe how the philosophy of utilitarianism influenced European goverment during the 19th century.</p>
<p>utilitarianism pushed for greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. european nations started a push towards that in the general welfare state.</p>
<p>with industrialization, england's urban areas were deadly and highly unsanitary. after edwin chadwick published his paper on sanitation problems in england, the government started to pass laws that improved working conditions, living conditions, and made a push towards a welfare state. private ventures to try and provide housing for the new masses sprouted up everywhere. governments stepped in eventually and added numerous new living areas for workers. labor laws were passed to limit the number of nours a person could work; child labor laws were passed as well as laws that protected women.</p>
<p>marx's ideas were an upshoot of utilitarianism. because most of the population of most the nations of europe at the time were proletariats, peasants, who were under the watch of the bourgeois, marx's communism was an application of utilitarianism. communism put the state at the hands of everyone; essentially the best utilitarianist policy possible. these policies gained favor in many nations. socialists were well established in many nations' legislatures and held great power.</p>
<hr>
<p>what were the impacts of the industrial revolution and what happened to society as a result?</p>
<p>In the Industrial Revolution many new techniques and machines were created. These included new; forms of production, energy sources, and transportation. These changes affected society greatly.</p>
<p>The old cottage industry changed to the factory system during the Industrial Revolution because the Factory System was much more productive. This shift resulted in divisions of labor, specialization, and bad factory conditions. One good advantage about this change was that it resulted in an increased material standard of living. </p>
<p>Another change brought on by the Industrial Revolution was the different energy sources that were utilized. Previously, water, wood, and wind had been the main sources of energy. However, the main energy source switched to coal. This change made England the country that the Industrial Revolution originated because of Englands abundant coal reserves. </p>
<p>The forms of transportation also changed greatly during the Industrial Revolution. Before animals and ships had been used as the primary mode of transportation. With the Industrial Revolution and its utilization of new energy sources and building materials, the transportation systems changed to steamships and railroads. This sped up the time that it took to get raw materials to the factories and also the time it took to transport finished products.</p>
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<p>Can't think of any good frq's now, anybody want to offer a suggestion?</p>
<p>Answering vertigo97's question...
War of the 3 Henries was a part of the Wars of Religion, between teh Catholic League and the Huguenots. The Catholic Duke of Guise captured Paris. The king became suspicious of the duke's power and had him assassinated and teamed up with Henry of Navarre, a Calvinist I think, and crushed the power of the Catholic league.</p>
<p>The king was assassinated also, allowing Navarre to become king. Understanding that the majority of France was Catholic, he soon converted to Catholicism. Thus ending the war.</p>
<p>Next question: Describe the degree to which the title of an Enlighted despot applies to Catherine the Great, Maria theresa, and Frederick the Great (or whoever you want).</p>
<p>FLemmings and Walloons - was this a true AP Euro question??!?!? I thought AP Euro asked for trends in their multiple choice, not for specific events/people</p>
<p>: Describe the degree to which the title of an Enlighted despot applies to Catherine the Great, Maria theresa, and Frederick the Grea</p>
<p>Frederick the Great:</p>
<p>Frederick the Great invited the philosopher Voltaire to his court and adopted some of Voltaire's ideas. Voltaire did not trust the 'hoi polloi' of the state abd believed that enlightened rule could only come from above. However, Frederick the Great and Voltaire eventually got into conflicts.</p>
<p>Frederick the Great was a deist himself and pushed for religious toleration. He also did away with the abuse of prisoners and improved Prussia's educational system. However, he also supported the nobility and allowed the nobility to retain their special privileges. Furthermore, he was a military man and increased Prussia's military size to the point in which it was the largest in Europe (I think..).</p>
<p>Fredrrick the Great was a rigid and a conservative ruler. As he grew older, it became difficult to implement any reforms. It can be said that while he increased the size of the military, he did not modernize it. While he successfully defended Prussia against Austria, France, and Russia, his rule also made it easier for Prussia to be defeated in the Napoleonic wars. While he did push for some enlightened reform, many conservative institutions were still left in place. </p>
<p>Britannica was pretty negative in its portrayal of Frederick the Great.... And I adopted its viewpoint lol</p>
<p>How did the Revolutions of 1848 affect the spread of liberal ideas to European governments?</p>