Sophisticated / Advanced Math is necessary for hedge funds, but for IB (investment banking) & for PE (private equity) many come from accounting, finance and / or economics backgrounds.
Just yesterday I reviewed resumes of two very successful investment bankers. Both based in New York City. One with over 15 years experience & the other, now retired, with over 30 years IB experience in NYC. Both came from schools never mentioned as IB target schools. One majored in accounting & the other accounting & finance. Both resumes were largely about financial modeling.
OP: Your plan to major in economics with applied math & statistics should yield great employment opportunities whether you attend Duke or Dartmouth. Add a specialty masters in data analytics for one career direction or get experience in financial modeling for a career in IB and eventually PE.
As an example of how varied “target” & “semi-target” school lists are, for the firms you mentioned in the original post in this thread one source lists the following as target schools:
Indiana University
Vanderbilt
UCal-Berkeley
USC
UCLA
Dartmouth College
Illinois
UNC-Chapel Hill
University of Waterloo
University of Western Ontario
For the nine Bulge Bracket banks, targets are listed as:
Penn, NYU, Harvard, Cambridge, Cornell, Texas-Austin, Columbia, Chicago, Michigan. While this list omits Northwestern as a target, it includes it as a semi-target. The semi-target list also includes Duke & Cambridge which are listed also as target schools.
Semi-targets for Bulge Bracket banks are listed as: Northwestern, Yale, Boston College, Virginia, UCLA, London School of Economics, Princeton, Georgetown, Arizona State, BYU, Georgia Tech & Penn State.