<p>i always get questions like this wrong...how am i supposed to know when to use "had, has, have or anything related to those"</p>
<p>Katherine felt that she (has not had) (any understanding of) the (highly intricate workings) of the stock market (until) her uncle took her to the New York Stock Exchange.</p>
<p>please provide a thorough explanation.</p>
<p>The answer is (A)</p>
<p>EX:</p>
<p>I did not have any time for fun, until school ended.</p>
<p>when would “has not had” be acceptable</p>
<p>“He has not had breakfast yet.”</p>
<p>Take out the prepositional phrase… and you’ll have this:</p>
<p>Katherine felt that she has not had any understanding until her uncles took her to the New York stock exchange.</p>
<p>“has not had -> until” … that is incorrect</p>
<p>“did not have -> until” would work I think</p>
<p>Katherine felt that she (has not had) (any understanding of) the (highly intricate workings) of the stock market (until) her uncle took her to the New York Stock Exchange.</p>
<p>This is a verb tense problem with A – i.e. “has not had”. This is written in the present perfect tense of the verb have. The present perfect is incorrect in the current use, since the action “have understanding” started in the past and ended in the past. We know that it ended because of the word “until” – i.e. after Katherine visited the Stock Exchange she finally understood the workings of the market.</p>
<p>For an action that starts in the past and ends in the past you need the past perfect case. In this case that tense is “had had”.</p>
<p>So the correct sentence is: </p>
<p>Katherine felt that she had not had any understanding of the highly intricate workings of the stock market until her uncle took her to the New York Stock Exchange.</p>
<p>^Fogcity did you score 2400</p>
<p>So “had not had” is for events that started in the past and ended in the past.</p>
<p>What about “has not had” when would you use that?</p>
<p>“Has” is the present tense.</p>
<p>“Had” is the past perfect tense. Use the past perfect to refer to an event that is </p>
<p>1) In the past
2) Finished before another event</p>
<p>I had handed in the test before I remembered the answers. (In chronological order: 1) handed in the test, 2) remembered the answers). </p>
<p>He has a pencil. (Simple present tense).</p>
<p>–</p>
<p>I still have to think of an example with “has not had.”</p>
<p>ooooo…i understand the past perfect now thank you so much…</p>
<p>let me know about the present perfect though</p>