What is Materials Engineering?

<p>Could someone give a good description of materials engineering? I've recently been interested in it.
I would like to know separately, what their education is like, and what they actually do.</p>

<p>Its usually considered a sub-field within chemistry, so what kind of chem is involved?
I've never thought about it because I've always hated chem (or whatever I took of it in HS)... I really enjoyed my class in Physical Chem, however. Basically, I hate balancing equations and memorizing different compounds, knowing different types of reactions... that kind of stuff. But I really liked learning about all the details of bonding, the quantization of energies, the early atomic models, and the physical structures of atoms and molecules...</p>

<p>I would also like to know who employs mat. engineers, and the U.S. cities/states that offer the greatest numbers of jobs to them.</p>

<p>As a materials science major you'll study polymers, biomaterials, electronic materials, ceramics, metals, and their composites. You'll learn thermodynamics/kinetics/transport stuff, mechanical behavior of these materials, and manufacturing concerns. There is plenty of lab work and you will have a chance to learn or work with equipment such as the scanning electron microscope. You will choose a concentration in one of the types of materials for your electives.</p>

<p>MSE isn't necessarily a subfield of chemistry; I'd only say that's true if you're in polymers or possibly some kinds of ceramics. If you're doing work with metals or electronic materials you'll definitely be closed to the Applied Physics end of the spectrum than the Chemistry side. If you're doing ab-initio calculations (like computer modeling), then it depends what you're interested in studying as to whose modeling techniques you'll use. If you're doing polymer chains, you'll use chemists' models; if you're doing atomic interactions between a few different kinds of atoms, you'll be doing physics models. If you're doing grain nucleation and growth, you'll be doing materials science models.</p>

<p>For materials, you're generally concerned with the length scales from 1nm up through 1m. We're mostly concerned about finding novel properties and devices from materials we study. It's often about engineering a material to be better than it initially is. Like, aluminum is great because it's so lightweight, but it's very weak. So, people figured out what they could mix with aluminum in order to make it a lot stronger (which is how we got materials like aircraft aluminum). They're also involved in designing new processes to make the materials which have been made in a lab. A MSE degree can let you do both materials science and materials engineering. As a comparison, you'd be able to do both what the chemist does (create new things in the lab) and what the ChemE does (scale it up into production sized batches), but with a single degree. The only difference is the types of materials you'll be dealing with.</p>

<p>As for what MSE students study, I'd recommend using Amazon's option to take a look inside this book: Amazon.com:</a> Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction: William D., Jr. Callister: Books
I've had a class on nearly every one of the chapters in that book. Here's a quick rundown on the classes I had as an undergrad.</p>

<p>Intro Materials: Used that book, as does nearly every other intro class out there. I still use it as my first reference book when I'm trying to learn something new.
Perfect Crystals: Learning about the fundamental symmetry in all crystalline solids, why they exist, and how you can characterize them.
Defects in Materials: Vacancies, line defects, grain boundaries, and voids. All subjects most people outside of materials would never have heard of. They're the reason why materials aren't "perfect" and why we can get so many fantastic properties. In some cases, we want no defects (single-crystal silicon wafers for semiconductor processing), and in other cases we want to fill our material with defects (cold-working a metal) in order to strengthen it.
Thermodynamics of Materials: What happens if there were infinite time, learning why you have phase changes and how to predict them. Preliminary stuff on heat engines and such, but not nearly what you'd fine in a MechE class.
Phase Diagrams: An extension of thermo, how to use thermodynamics to predict phase diagrams between mixtures of different materials, how to read more complex phase diagrams, how to predict the shape of nuclei during formation, and basic nucleation & growth theory.
Transport in Materials: Transport of heat and mass through a material. Paths that atoms/molecules can take through a material, and problems/benefits that arise from diffusion time.
Materials Selection: How to figure out the design constraints on a project and narrow down your material choices. Extensive use of Ashby maps so you can compare two properties between wide arrays of materials easily.
Microstructures I: Learning about what happens when you have different kinds of symmetry within crystals and the sorts of unique properties that can pop up. As in, you can only make piezoelectrics (from what powers those LA Lights sneakers to the actual creator of the PING sound used in sonar) out of materials with certain kinds of crystalline symmetry.
Senior Capstone Design: My group was given the task of determining if this company we were working with would be able to competitively enter the market for very thin sheets of copper. We had to design our own tests and obtain competitor samples to determine how their quality was versus the competition. Learned the realities of working with companies and how much they like to drag their feet on every. freaking. thing.</p>

<p>Electives:
Corrosion in Materials: Learning about corrosion in materials for the first half of the semester (electrochemistry stuff, plus the materials processing concerns such as the problems welds introduce and how temperature can effect the corrosion properties of a material). The second half was the opposite of corrosion, where we learned about batteries and how to engineer good materials for those.
Microstructures II: Pretty much took I had learned in the required courses and smashed it into one class. Didn't learn anything really new, but it gave me a much deeper understanding of how everything I learned tied together. Easily my favorite class. Our lab was one project that lasted the entire semester, and the instruction sheet we were given was around two sentences long. "You have 10 chunks of this steel, you have 10 chunks of that brass. Make the steel harder and the brass tougher." The final was one problem which took all of us over three hours to do. My most "real world" type of class.
Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Materials: Learn about those different kinds of properties in materials, and why they occur. My class was taught pretty poorly, so we never even got out of the E part of EMOP. :(
Semiconductor Processing: How are giant single crystals of silicon made? How do you do chemical vapor deposition of gallium arsenide and grow single crystals? What sort of variables do you have to control while doing this processing, and what are your limits of errors (for example, how many line defects can you have per cubic centimeter of Si and still have it be good to make Pentium chips on)?
I also took extra thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and solid state physics classes in the physics department to fulfill some requirements. I regret not having taken a mechanics in materials course as well as the one on steel processing (I was away for the first week and a half of the semester, but the course was a mini, so I had missed way too much :().
I also did research on phase transformations in low-carbon steel, grain growth in thin-films, finding new magnetic materials for hard drives to be made from, and growing nanowires.</p>

<p>Right now I'm a grad student in MSE and I'm trying to create a new way of forming bulk amorphous alloys (metallic glasses).</p>

<p>As for who employs, I'd recommend checking schools for their post-graduation surveys. I know MIT publishes theirs, here's CMU's: <a href="http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/career/employ/salary/Materials.pdf%5B/url%5D"&gt;http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/career/employ/salary/Materials.pdf&lt;/a> and I'm sure you can find such info for Stanford, Berkeley, Cornell, UIUC, Michigan, Northwestern, and all the other schools big in materials.</p>

<p>Edit: Holy cow long post.</p>

<p>
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I rejoice not having taken a mechanics in materials course

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<p>fixed.....</p>

<p><a href="http://www.matsci.northwestern.edu/Mat_Sci_Open_House_2007.pdf%5B/url%5D"&gt;http://www.matsci.northwestern.edu/Mat_Sci_Open_House_2007.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p>

<p>oldelecdude, the main problem being that a lot of people in my group here in grad school do mechanical testing in their projects, so I'm playing catchup quite often. :p</p>

<p>RacinReaver, awesome long post.... thanks very much!</p>

<p>Some questions... how much of real life MSE work involves "manufacturing"? I've always felt that manufacturing involves working in a factory (gives me a very pre 1930s image), which doesn't appeal very much to me.
And how concerned is your education with manufacturing and processing? They are definitely a large part of engineering, but you mentioned taking quantum mechanics and solid state physics (which I'm very interested in). How typical are those courses when compared to the rest of MSE?
It seems to me that MSE is more research-oriented than EE, which is why I'm very interested in it.</p>

<p>Well, it really depends a lot on your school. CMU gets a bit of flack from people in industry for not preparing its students very well for working in industry because our training is so theoretical in comparison to what a lot of schools do, but I think that's because most people in the MSE department are quick enough to pick up on whatever they need to learn while on the job.</p>

<p>Very little of what I learned was actually production oriented, it was mostly theory behind why materials behave the way they do, and what sorts of cool things we can do with them. The only classes that emphasized manufacturing were a few electives we had (the semiconductor processing class I took, and the one on how steel refineries work, which I didn't).</p>

<p>Most of my friends took quantum, as we were given the choice of Biology 1 (for biomed double majors), Organic Chem, and Quantum Physics. Quantum was definitely the best taught class, and pertained the most to everyone that didn't want to do biomedical engineering or polymers. My solid state class was pretty small, only two other MSE people in there, and all of us were at least minoring in physics. At the graduate level you can expect to need to learn some basic solid state no matter where you are, though.</p>

<p>MSE definitely has a lot more of a research slant than EE tends to. I think it's because MSE can also be categorized under Applied Physics and Condensed Matter Physics. A lot of physicists and chemists work on materials-related problems, but they tend to like to consider them physics or chemistry problems, because they don't want to be so unpure as to possibly be considered engineers. :p</p>

<p>Thanks a lot RacinReaver; I have been having the hardest time deciding which engineering field I want to pursue as my major (going into 2nd year of undergrad) and THOUGHT I had settled on ChemE but now I'm also excited about MSE</p>

<p>decisions... :)</p>

<p>If your school lets you, I'd recommend taking both intro classes before deciding. About half of my friends in MSE had started college planning on becoming ChemEs, but after taking the intro course they realized it was nothing like what they expected! They wound up taking MSE thinking it might be closer, and they said it actually wound up being exactly what they were looking for.</p>

<p>I will say that it's probably easier to go ChemE -> MSE in grad school than the other way around, because MSE tends to attract people from all sorts of majors and they understand they need to do a lot of retraining for people that didn't have an undergrad curriculum of MSE. That said, MSE is way more interesting and the people tend to be a lot cooler. :p</p>

<p>Hey RacinReaver,</p>

<p>As an environmental engineering student how much backtracking would I have to do if i wanted to do MSE in grad school? Would I even be accepted? Since I'm under the civil department I'm taking 1 class in mechanics of materials. Maybe that'll help a bit.</p>

<p>Materials departments usually get a pretty decent number of students from physics, chemistry, ChemE, and MechE, so I imagine you'd be a little bit behind them, but it's still probably doable.</p>

<p>I'd talk to the MSE department at your undergrad school to see what they'd look for in potential candidates. You might want to spend some of your free electives taking extra materials or physics classes.</p>

<p>What are you interested in doing career-wise? You might be better off doing a MSE undergrad and following it up with some sort of environmental graduate studies. If you do MSE for grad work, you'd probably wind up having better offers for MSE type work. If you're looking at doing public policy things, you could do MSE and try to do work with photovoltaics, fuel cells, or something else you're interested in, and then take the more public policy oriented courses in grad school.</p>

<p>Alternatively, talking to a professor in the environmental engineering department at your school (or prospective one if you're not at college yet) would be a great way to understand what your options could be in the future. Also, if you don't like what one person has to tell you, try asking someone else. I've always found it useful to have two reliable people I can talk to about those sorts of questions, since a lot of personal biases tend to creep in without anyone realizing it.</p>

<p>I agree with RacinReaver. I went into college thinking I was going to major in ChemE and then started seriously considering MSE. I fluctuated back and forth on the issue (I'll be honest one of the reasons was because MSE has a lighter workload than ChemE in my school (not saying much seeing as everyone has a lighter workload then ChemEs!). I finally ended up deciding on majoring in ChemE for my undergrad because I'm pretty sure I'm going to go to grad school (do not make this decision quickly either take your time in deciding whether or not you want to do this-don't tell me straight out of highschool that you know you want to or that you know you don't. Keep and open mind) and quite honestly most of the profs i talked to told me that a chemE bs would open up more grad doors than mse can (harder to get into cheme from mse than vice versa).</p>

<p>I'm also concerned about that. MSE seems a little bit more specific than the "big four" engineering disciplines... a perfect choice for grad school, in other words.
How hard is it it to go from EE undergrad (probably something more semiconductor oriented) to MSE grad school?</p>

<p>It's probably doable, but I'm not quite sure where you'd find much overlap in the programs other than possibly fabrication of thin-film devices (silicon chips, hard drives, etc). I mean, I can't see an EE fitting into my research group at all.</p>

<p>I will say that MSE is more specific than the big four, but there's still tons of room to choose what kind of career you want to go into after you graduate. One of my friends is doing environmental work for a L'Oreal factory; she analyzes processes and figures out how they can reduce power consumption, chemical waste, and recycle more materials. Another is at Lockheed Martin working on designing satellites. Another is at Nucor steel. Another is at Johnson & Johnson doing some sort of biomedical work. A few of my friends went to automotive companies (Ford & GM) to do R&D with them. One of my friends was even at Bose for a summer doing acoustical modeling inside materials to help them design better speakers. One of my friends is at Intel, working on fabrication of silicon single crystals. Heck, you can even go to work for Godiva or Breyer's Ice Cream since their solidification processes center completely around the crystallization and grain growth within their products!</p>

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Heck, you can even go to work for Godiva

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<p>I have made a terrible mistake in career choice...</p>

<p>Things like grain growth and dislocation behavior is about 5% of modern materials science engineering. I think the current definition of materials engineering has evolved from the simple old triangle paradigm with processing <--> structure <--> behavior/performance.</p>

<p>In the modern scheme, you have the expansion of the role of materials engineers to realize the lifecycle impacts of a certain product in terms of a wholistic systems level. Materials engineers are not only required to include mechanical/electrical/optical behavior into design considerations but also environmental, energy and economic impacts of a material and the management of the waste created by the production of a certain product system.</p>