<p>1.Methanogens (live in methane abundant atmospheres), Halophiles (salt abundant atmospheres), and Thermophiles (extremely hot atmospheres). The prefixes speak for itself.
2.obligate aerobes-bacteria that can sustant life without oxygen.
obligate anaerobes-die in the presence of oxygen.</p>
<h2>facultative anaerobes-they can sustain life with or without oxygen.</h2>
<p>"I ended up with a 780. My score report doesn't say how many I missed, but I'm guessing the questions I missed were the insect questions (it was identification on a diagram, I think) and maybe some of the ecology questions in the main section (I took the Bio-M test). </p>
<p>My preparation for the AP test was completely reading CliffsAP and taking old AP tests." -tanman</p>
<ol>
<li>all those things happen in prophase i of meiosis i</li>
<li>cellular slime molds, plasmodial slime molds, water molds.</li>
</ol>
<h2>3. mutualism with the lichen taht does primary succession on the rock???</h2>
<p>griffith did the pneumonia experiment and found the transforming factor between bacteria. harmful pneumonia (henceforth pneu.) bacteria were killed and injected into mice; they lived. harmless bacteria w/ killed harmful bacteria; mice died.</p>
<p>avery, macleod, mccarty purified the pneumonia transforming factor and tested it on harmless pneumonia bacteria. they transformed; they found the transforming factor to be DNA.</p>
<p>hershey and chase did viral experiment where they tested w/ radioactive phosphorus and sulfur to see what was the genetic material in cells. phosphorus only showed up in DNA inside while sulfur only in amino acids in the protein capsid. bacteriophages were labelled with these elements and then after they injected their genetic info into a bacteria, the bacteriophages were spun off. only phosphorus was in the cell.</p>
<p>franklin and wilkins did xray crystallography and found a helical structure.</p>
<p>watson and crick found double helix nature of DNA. proposed that DNA was semiconservatively replicated.</p>
<p>linus pauling used x-ray diffraction to determine the structure of proteins and amino acids. he was in competition to find the structure of DNA.</p>
<p>meselsohn and stahl proved DNA was semiconservatively replicated by using nitrogen-15 (heavy Nitrogen) and nitrogen-14. cells took up N-15 and then afterwards the new strands were compared and found taht they were half N-15 and half N-14.</p>
<ol>
<li>what do each of the 3 germ layers form in the final organism?</li>
<li>what's the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? name examples of each (i.e. phyla)</li>
</ol>
<p>just curious..ivy and kirby..where are you guys from, what grade are you, and what other tests are you taking? I'm a junior from NY, and I'm also taking us hist, eng lang, calc bc, and physics C mech along with bio. Personally, I didn't learn much in my bio class and basically prepared by reading the cliffs book the past few days and participating in this wonderful thread....
I actually learned alot from this thread looking up stuff for questions and answers helped me to understand alot of stuff. </p>
<p>ivy, it's obvious that you are going to get a 5 on the ap...haha..</p>
<p>yeah... ivy's definitely gonna get that 5. our ap bio class is a bit slower cuz we do a whole bunch on the animal phyla. we've done so many labs and dissections; it was fun, but the parts taht we're a bit slower on, i'm making up by studying by myself. i've got a bit of trouble w/ animal physiology as seen ;/... much better genetics and stuff like that.</p>
<p>i'm in farmland area... kansas ;/. i'm a soph. and i'm taking stat and euro also. btw, which textbooks do u use in class for bio? we use starr and i'm using barron's on the side. i wanted to get cliffs, couldn't find it.</p>
<p>this thread helps a lot... it's going on 10 pgs. awesome :-)</p>
<p>1.Endoderm eventually forms the interior lining of the digestive system and various other organism. Mesoderm lends support to the formation of connective tissue, bone and muscle (structural support). The Ectoderm gives rise to the skin and the nervous system.</p>
<h2>2.Ah, i mentioned that repeatedly yesterday. I talked about the archenteron as well. In a nutshell, protostome forms the mouth and the deuterostome forms the anus. Protostome is an example of chordates, and deuterostome is an example I believe in arhropoda.</h2>
<p>1.How do fungi sexually reproduce?
2.What makes a chordate, well--a chordate?
4.Name the phyla that has pseudocoelomate.</p>
<p>endotherm-linings of tissue, digestive system
ectoderm-nervous tissue
mesoderm-pretty much everything else (most organs), plus coelom</p>
<p>Protosomes form the mouth first during development...their embryonic cells are determinate so losing one would result in failure to develop. This is why the cells are arranged in a spiral, packing the cells close together. They include mullusca, annelida, and arthropoda. </p>
<p>Deuterostomes form the anus first and are indeterminate, so losing a cell in the embryo won't affect anything since they aren't determined to be anything yet. The cells are organized in a radial pattern. THey include echinoderms and chordates. </p>
<p>what are the plant phyla
How are the 5 kingdoms classified (what makes them different)</p>
<h2>Well, I live in the northeast and we start school a month later then most schools. I'm generally proud of my biology teacher, because we managed to complete everything with the exception of endocrine and excretory, which we're going to complete next week. We use the campbells 7th addition and have membership to their site; however, our school also provided us with Cliff AP review books, which is basically the reason I can fall asleep at night (not really). Yeah, I'm reading that entire cliffs book; very awesome as far as diagrams. A friend of mine says he has an SAT II book for bio, but I'm not sure I'll have time to look it over. Don't worry, hopefully the day after the test we'll talk about how easy it was and how we stomped the SAT II (knocking on wood). Best of luck to you also ron.</h2>
<p>1.How do fungi sexually reproduce?
2.What makes a chordate, well--a chordate?
4.Name the phyla that has pseudocoelomate.</p>
<p>i'm taking the sat ii bio in june... ;-/ i couldn't handle having another standardized test right before ap bio. good luck on your sat iis in may.</p>
<h2>ivy: that's so lucky. we work through another program called college now, similar to ap, through our local comm. college. we get free books from them (our starr textbooks), but that's it. pretty much all of our books are self-incurred costs. did you have to pay full ap test fee as well?</h2>
<ol>
<li>unclear, a bit fuzzy.</li>
<li>notochord, pharyngeal slits, tail past anus, bilateral, deuterostome, lungs, all those traits that are common to those all the way up till echinoderms</li>
</ol>
<h2>3. nematoda</h2>
<ol>
<li>what are trinucleotide repeats?</li>
<li>describe cell cycle regulation points, chemicals, and functions.</li>
</ol>
<h2>Yeah, that was the one down side--we had to pay.</h2>
<h2>Fungi reproduce sexually by the process of Plasmogamy, which is the fusing of two larger cells into one larger cell (nuclei fuse). Also, Karyogamy, but instead of just fusing, it produces i believe a diploid cell from two haploid cells called dikaryon. Then there is meiosis, which restores a diploid cell back to haploid cells.</h2>
<h2>trinucleotide repeats, well that is your simple codon repition, but can turn off gene expression in DNA if there are too many repeated codons. Hm, honestly--can you point out why it'd be deadly. I mean, the human genome has plenty of repeated codons (64 codons to 20 amino acids), so the reoccurrence of particular proteins is inevetibale.</h2>
<p>1.What is the Wobbler Effect?
2.What is the most dangerous mutation?</p>
<h2>Well, it's ostensible that cell division such as mitosis--and cell division in meiosis in autosomes and sex chromosomes must be regulated or that leads to cancer. Random division that occurs in a controlled area is a tumor, and ones that spread are "cancer." There are two types of tumors, which are benign and malign.</h2>
<p>1.What is the Wobbler Effect?
2.What is the most dangerous mutation?</p>
<p>wobbler effect: tRNA don't have to exactly match up with mRNA sequences in the last nucleotide</p>
<p>when one nucleotide is added..this results in a frameshift mutation and is the most dangerous because every single nucleotide following it would be out of place, thus royally screwing up the protein it codes</p>
<h2>I don't know what you're referring to exactly?</h2>
<h2>Well, it's ostensible that cell division such as mitosis--and cell division in meiosis in autosomes and sex chromosomes must be regulated or that leads to cancer. Random division that occurs in a controlled area is a tumor, and ones that spread are "cancer." There are two types of tumors, which are benign and malign. </h2>
<p>1.What is the Wobbler Effect?
2.What is the most dangerous mutation?</p>
<p>sry if i was unclear there. what i meant was like describe the various checkpoints after G1 and G2 and the various molecules involved (e.g. MPF in the M checkpoint).</p>
<h2>The Wobbler Effect is the switching of nucleotides among two different codons. This is basically isn't a dangerous mutation.</h2>
<p>Insertions/Additions are the most dangerous mutation. Inserting a nucleotide in codon causes all of the subsequent nucleotides to shift, in what is a framshift mutation; it changes the DNA sequence completely.</p>
<p>Well, the longest portion of the cell cycle is the interphase, which consists of the G1, S, and G2 phase. In G1, the cell basically recoveres from meiosis/mitosis and prepares for S phase, in which the cell begins to make a copy of all of its chromosomes, then in G2 the cell continues to undergo growth, and then mitosis/meiosis occurs. Before the transition from interphase to mitosis is complete MPF is triggered, which is a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis.The active form consists of cyclin and cdc2, which is a protein kinase. We honestly didn't learn that indepth, nor does my AP review book mention the checkpoints. I think basically, with regards to both the AP and SAT II, you just need to know that interphase is the longest phase, and the three steps within it.</p>
<ol>
<li>the changing of the active site after substrate binding or other coenzymes/cofactors.</li>
</ol>
<h2>2. glycogen, cellulose, chitin, starch by dehydration synthesis.</h2>
<ol>
<li>describe Na+/K+ pump</li>
<li>what are the various forms of junctions that occur between cells, tissue, and organs (both plants and animals)?</li>
</ol>