<h2>1.A sodium potassium pump is located on the electron transport chain, which basically aids in the manufacturing of ATP. A proton gradient develops, and transport proteins are established; this is an active transport system--against a concentration gradient. I believe that for every three sodium transported out of the cell, two potassium are transported into the cell (symport). Also, I'm sure you're aware of the potassium and sodium gradient involved in neurotransmission and action potentials; however, for that situation--potassium in located on the inside of the neuro membrane and sodium on the outside; then you get into the action potential.</h2>
<p>Cell Junction basically serve as anchors between cells so the that extracellular transportation can occur through the plasmodesmata.</p>
<h2>There are tight Junctions (tightly stiched animal cells), Desmosomes (protein attachments between cells), Gap junctions (narrow tubes between cells that cosist of proteins. The protein is called a connexon. It prevents cytoplasmic mixing), and the most highly used--plasmodesmata (cytoplasmic channels).</h2>
<p>1.What allows oxygen to bind so well onto hemoglobin?
2.Describe a sacromere configuration.</p>
<p>1.Well, it's obviously iron.</p>
<h2>2.A sacromere is a segment of a muscle. The ends of the sacromere are z lines, and then the actin and myosin make the internal structure. However, where there's actin missing--the line is an H line (makes the shape and myosin is only on it). I believe the areas where there is a lack of myosin, and only actin...those are "A" lines.</h2>
<p>open question.</p>
<ol>
<li>What are sieve cells</li>
<li>Describe photoperiodism</li>
<li>what is a test cross</li>
<li>What is Trisomy X, and what are some diseases that can result from it?</li>
</ol>
<p>1.Sieve plates are located at the end of phloem, which basically are located at the end of each sieve member for transport. Remember, they are important in translocation (explained earlier).
2.Photoperiodism: is basically the duration of time in which a plant is subject to light. This goes hand and hand with short day plants and long day plants. The two phytochrome are 660 Pr and 730 Pfr (infrared light).
3.Test crosses are used to find the genotype of the parents by looking at the phenotypes and genotypes of the progeny.</p>
<h2>4.Trixomy X is I believe the non disjunction of a chromosome, which causes individuals to have an extra chromosome. i.e. Down syndrome.</h2>
<p>1.Who was Konrad Lorenz?
2.What is a blastocoel?
3.How many polar bodies are produced in oogenesis?</p>
<ol>
<li>Lorenz came up with the idea of imprinting</li>
<li>the cavity in the middle of the the blastula</li>
<li>3</li>
</ol>
<p>1.what are the two parts of a blastocyst and what do they develop into?
2.what are some factors that influence the development of a cell during embryonic development?</p>
<h2>1.The blastocyst gives rise to the trophoblast and the embryonic disc. The trophoblast is involved in binding the embryo to the uterine wall (endometrium). It secretes HCG, which secretes hormones like progesterone--giving rise to the placenta. The embryonic disc, which was the inner mass cells of the blastocyst forms the embryo.</h2>
<p>Factors that influence embryonic developent:
1.The amount of cytoplasm that's divvied amongst the oocyte, and the polar bodies (missing organielles, etc).
2.Influence of organizers or neighbor cells that can secrete chemicals or various hormones.
3.It's basically a discrepency in the homeobox, which fouls up the gene expression. In flies for example: legs become antennas, antennas become legs.</p>
<h2>I learned that today actually. :)</h2>
<p>1.Describe photorespiration.
2.What is the chemiosmotic theory?</p>
<ol>
<li>O2 is fixed instead of CO2, reducing efficiency of photosynthesis. (You never said in detail.)</li>
<li>Electron transport chains (using NADH and FADH2) are used to generate ATP. Hydrogen is pumped either into intermembrane space of mitochondria, diffuses down its electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, which makes ATP. (Proposed my Mitchell in 1960s.)</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>Describe phototropism (both negative and positive), its purposes, what causes it, and who were the first experimenters (2 experiments) to investigate it.</li>
</ol>
<p>Phototropism is the plants response to light and deals with the hormone auxin, which promotes cell elongation. Auxin moves over to the side of the plant away from the light, and elongation occurs. The result is that the side away from the light grows more than the side toward light, and the plant bends toward the light.</p>
<p>sorry i don't know scientists that discovered it</p>
<p>What are:
Allopatric Speciation?
Sympatric Speciation?
Adaptive Radiation?</p>
<h2>Three scientists (not just two) of phototropism were Darwin Jr. in the 1880's, Boysen and Jensen 1900, and Went subsequently. This question was asked already, so--if you wish to know what exactly they did, find one of my old posts.</h2>
<p>This question also was asked, nevertheless here it is: </p>
<p>Well, it's evident that sympatric speciation involves the formation of a new species WITHOUT geographic barriers or pre or postzygotic barriers. So, in terms of polyploidy: organism, particulary plants experience non disjunction of a homologous pair of chromosomes in anapahase I, eventually undergoing meiosis II, one of the haploid cells that remain possess the the polyploid (more than the homolgous pair). So, if the parent plants give rise to polyploid progeny--they automatically have created a new species, by allowing to express multiple traits, one trait, specific traits, or a mutation allowing a new trait. OK! So, then in Hybridization--two species that are seperated by a geographic barrier mate along a hybrid zone, new offsping--yatti yatta yatta. The paradigm of Adaptive radiation are the finches of gallapagos; coming from a common ancestor. They all changed due to particular environmental conditions--beak size that is. FINALLY! Balanced polymorphism allows for multiple phenotypes to be expressed in a particular species (yes, species; we're still micro here). That includes heterozygote advantage, hybrid vigor, and minority advantage. Allopatric Speciation is just the opposite, giving rise to a new species due to a geographic barrier (mountains, volcanic ash, etc).</p>
<h2>Adaptive radiation is when basically new species are formed as a result of environmental factors (classic example darwin's finches). This is sympatric speciation.</h2>
<p>1.Who was Chargraff?
2.Sperm is nourished by_____
4.Water enters a root by the process of__<strong><em>. The water either goes through each cell in a process called</em></strong><em>, or around them called</em>_.</p>
<p>allopatric speciation is speciation caused by a geographic barrier. the two species live in two different areas.</p>
<p>sympatric speciation occurs in the same area where the two species diverge in the same place (e.g. fish in a pond that become differentiated through one dwelling more on the floor while the other lives more at the top and then the two become new species after a long time).</p>
<p>adaptive radiation occurs where a new niche and/or a new region with niches that can be exploited by various phenotypic differences. speciation occurs as the various differences become more profound (e.g. Darwin's finches).</p>
<h2>I think we've done those questions before, but just clarifying again.</h2>
<ol>
<li>what are the differences between tendons and ligaments?</li>
<li>what is humoral immunity? how does it differ from specific-cell immunity?</li>
<li>describe the various antibodies and their functions</li>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>not sure</li>
<li>fructose tahts in the mucus secreted by the seminal vesicles into the vas deferens. It also contains prostaglandins that stimulate uterine contractions that help sperm to move into the unterus</li>
<li>osmosis, capillary action?, not sure</li>
</ol>
<p>my bad already asked.</p>
<ol>
<li>chargraff proposed the theory of catatophism when he found the numerous fossils in the rocks. basically all the organisms in the world were created and then through drastic catastrophes, the population and species were whittled down to the present number.</li>
<li>semen??</li>
</ol>
<h2>3. root pressure (or guttation) and transpiration-pull. symplast, apoplast.</h2>
<ol>
<li>what are the differences between tendons and ligaments?</li>
<li>what is humoral immunity? how does it differ from specific-cell immunity?</li>
<li>describe the various antibodies and their functions</li>
</ol>
<p>1.Tendons connect to muscle, and ligaments connect to bone.
2.The humor is a fancy term for cytoplasm. The B cells produce memory cells. B cells produce plasma cells, and macrophages as well as helper t cells stimulate B cell production.</p>
<h2>3.Phagocytes, which basically engulf the phage (neutrophils and monocytes), as well as Natural Killer cells, which poke holes at the phage to promote lysis.</h2>
<p>1.Who was Chargraff?
2.Sperm is nourished by_____
4.Water enters a root by the process of__<strong><em>. The water either goes through each cell in a process called</em></strong><em>, or around them called</em>_.</p>
<p>Water enters the roots through osmosis. It then moves either through cell walls, called the apoplast route, or through the cytoplasm oc ells, called the symplast rout.</p>
<h2>Chargraff, also don't forget established one of the rudimentary ideas behind DNA. Purines (A and G) bind to Pyrimidines (T and C).</h2>
<h2>Sperm is nourished by Sertoli cells.</h2>
<p>Water enters through a process called osmosis, and later tranports itself through 1.symplast or 2.apoplast.</p>
<ol>
<li>Erwin Chargaff analyzed base composition of various organisms. Found that DNA composition differs from species to species. Chargaff's rules = A matches with T and C matches with G.</li>
<li>Fructose</li>
<li>Osmosis; symplast route; apoplastic route</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<p>What amino acid is the "start" amino acid?</p>
<h2>If you're referring to a start amino acid, I'd have to say AUG, which starts the process of Translation. Stop codons are UCC and UAC.</h2>
<p>1.What's the difference between a protobiont and a coacervate?
2.What's the difference between a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor?
3.What is genetic drift?
4.What is operant conditioning?</p>
<p>Methionine.</p>
<p>What is the biotic potential of population growth?</p>
<h2>The most amount of organisms that can live in a particular environment under any given time.</h2>
<h2>methionine is the first amino acid produced from the P site, which has the Codon AUG.</h2>
<p>1.What's the difference between a protobiont and a coacervate?
2.What's the difference between a competitive and noncompetitive inhibitor?
3.What is genetic drift?
4.What is operant conditioning?</p>
<ol>
<li>tendons connect muscles to bone while ligaments connect bone to bone at joints</li>
<li>humoral immunity involves the response to antigens or pathogens that are cirulating in the lymph or blood.<br>
specific-cell immunity (cell-mediated response?) involves the T cell recognizing the presence of antigen in other body cells through the use of MHC I. THe MHC presents fragments of protein in the cell's cytoplasm and the T cell receptor can detect if its self or non-self. If it's self, then killer T cells send apoptotic signals to the cell and helper T cells release interleukins that initiates a positive feedback system involving the proliferation of a immune response</li>
</ol>
<p>the types of antibodies are IgG, which is most abundant during secondary infection and is also the most efficient, IgA, which specializes in going through mucous membranes, and I think there's IgE but not sure what it does. They differ due to isotype switching, mediated by differnet Fc regions (non variable region)</p>
<ol>
<li>Describe Tay-Sach's disease </li>
<li>What is the difference between the law of segregation and law of independent assortment and why are they important?</li>
</ol>