<p>Hm, pretty simple. Here goes.</p>
<p>1.Vascular Cambium: is the linear group of cells between the xylem and the phloem. It eventually gives rise to the heartwood (secondary xylem) and the sapwood (primary xylem), as well as the primary and secondary phloem. The Cork Cambium stimulates the formation of periderm.
2.Interferons are secreted by an infected cell to warn neighboring cells that "it's infected" and that neighboring cells should produce protein barrier.
3.a cactus.</p>
<h2>4.Radicle, epicotyl, hypocotyl.</h2>
<p>open question. See you all this evening.</p>
<p>What was Jane Goodall's contribution to Biology? How did she accomplish this?</p>
<p>She studied gorilla behavior in Africa. Increased awareness of their plight, made people more empathetic towards gorillas, helped to do away with stereotypes that they're brutes? (I'm kind of just making this bs up :)</p>
<p>How do viruses reproduce?</p>
<p>Viruses reproduce through either the lytic or the lysogenic cycle.</p>
<p>Through the lytic cycle, they enter a cell, take control of the cell's central dogma machinery, reproduce themselves, and cause the cell to lyse.</p>
<p>Through the lysogenic cycle, they enter a cell and integrate its DNA into the cell's DNA, becoming a provirus. The viral DNA replicates as part of the cell's DNA.</p>
<p>What are some density-independent limiting factors?</p>
<h2>Density Independent factors are random. In other words, events such as bad weather, the abundance of wood, and the general size of the habitat. Also, one can get into fluctuations in allele frequency, breaking hardy weinberg equilibrium (genetic flow, genetic drift--bottleneck and founder effect).Density Dependent factors are predation, and competition. All in all, they both regulate the population. Gloaming--i know you weren't here earlier, but that question was already asked--repeatedly.</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.What is the bundle sheath? What is its purpose? How does it help C4 plants?
2.Describe the structure of a virus? Physiology and Anatomy.
(fairly easy).</p>
<p>bundle sheath cells are specialized cells within the leaf that plays a role in C4 photosynthesis. Malate, which is converted from OAA, go to the bundle sheath cells where it is converted to pyruvate and CO2. This, in effect, shuttles the CO2 from the atmosphere to the bundle sheath cells via OAA. This increases the efficiency of photosynthesis in C4 plants because bundle sheath cells are tightly surrounded by mesophyll cells, so little O2 reaches the site of Calvin Benson cycle, increasing the efficiency of rubisco. </p>
<p>Viruses contain a type of nucleic acid in the center surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). The nucleic acid holds the genetic info and some enzymes are present to help facilitate the integration of viral DNA/RNA into the host DNA. The capsid has a special shape that determines what type of cell the virus can infest because of a corresponding marker or receptor on the host cell. </p>
<ol>
<li>describe the process of speciation, and how is reproductive isolation maintained?</li>
<li>what is the role of the primer during DNA replication</li>
</ol>
<p>1.There are basically two types of speciation: allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation involves the development of a new species due to a geographic barrier (ie. a mountain, and area decimated by volcanic ash). Sympatric Speciation on the other hand is the development of a new species without a geographic barrier--this may include balanced polymorphism (The heterozygous trait gives rise to two traits and both phenotypes can coexist), polyploidy (non disjunction of homologous chromosomes--typically seen in plants), hybridization (mating along a hybrid zone; a barrier of some sort), or even adaptive radiation (environmental factors, as seen with Darwin's Finches).</p>
<h2>2.The primer in DNA replication basically starts the reaction. The primer is located on the 5 prime end of a DNA strand, and when bound to by RNA polymerase starts the semiconservative replication.</h2>
<p>Question(s):
1.What are Okazaki Fragments; is it on the leading or lagging strand?
2._____is the promoter region of transcription.
3.Meiosis can't occur in haploid cells because:</p>
<ol>
<li>okazaki fragments are fragments on the lagging DNA strands..they result because the DNA polymerase has to work backwards since it only works from 3' to 5' while the lagging strand is 5' to 3'</li>
<li>TATA box</li>
<li>cuz haploid cells only contain one of the pair of chromosomes...the result of meiosis is that the homologous pairs seperate, and since there aren't homologous pairs to begin with in haploid cells, meiosis can't occur</li>
</ol>
<p>what are some hormones involved in digestion?</p>
<h2>You basically need to know the only way protein can be digested is by pepsin (pepsinogen zymogen form) functions at a low pH. Gastrin secretes HCl, which has a relatively low pH (3 or 3.5) I believe. Secretin stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas, which lowers the acidity in the duodenum of the small intestine. CCK is another hormone that basically stimulates the release of bile by the gall bladder, and digestive enzymes by the small intestine.</h2>
<p>1.When the Turgor pressure is to great the cell will______
2.Describe Translocation.
3.What is the purpose of the Cochlea?</p>
<ol>
<li>explode?<br></li>
<li>not really sure..when segments of the chromosomes move to other places? I guess this results when parts are broken off</li>
<li>The cochlea contains the nerve endings for hearing in the ear</li>
</ol>
<p>why do plants bend towards light if one side is light and the other side is dark</p>
<p>Ugh, not hard at all.</p>
<p>1.plasmolysis
2.Translocation is the process by which carbohydrates, specifically sugar in the form of starch is sent from source (leaves) to sink (lower regions of the plant, at times the roots). The starch made in the pallisade mesophyl is secreted by active transport into a companion cell of a sieve plate of the phloem. Water, flows in the hypertonic companion cell, and causes the mixture (not solute, starch doesn't dissolve) to the sink companion cell, where it is diffused to each individual cells through plasmodesmota.</p>
<h2>3.The cochlea is basically the organ of hearing, containing the organ of Corti contains hair follicles; most likely used to capture sound.</h2>
<p>1.What is the difference between the smooth and rough ER?
2.Describe pinocytosis.
3.What is an example of a torpus contraction a human body?</p>
<p>hi again.
1. smooth ER lacks ribosomes in the membrane. it's used more for lipid production and toxin removal. rough er has ribosomes in it and is used in the finalizing steps of protein synthesis.
2. pinocytosis is like "cellular drinking;" a small particle causes a small indentation in the membrane. the vesicle gets endocytosed (sp?) into the cell.
3. what's a torpus contraction?</p>
<hr>
<ol>
<li>how does a chi-square test work?</li>
<li>give examples of incomplete dominance, epistasis, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, codominance.</li>
</ol>
<p>1.Chi-square:it's a means of probablity and statistic calculations. I remember utilizing it in a lab earlier this year.</p>
<h2>2.Incomplete Dominance is best to think of a peanut butter sandwich. You take peanut butter and jelly to make--peanut grape flavored jelly; a new species. Ha, no; but, the hybrid form of the dominant and reccesive allele forms a new species. Classic example is the white and red rose make a pink rose. Codominance is when one gene influences multiple phenotypes: i.e. An individual with blue eyes mates with an individual with brown hair. When a heterzygous genotype is produced, in actuality both traits are expressed--brown hair and blue eyes. Multiple traits in one allele frequency. Epistasis, is when one gene shuts off another gene. For example, you have to look at a dihybrid cross--black and brown mice mate, but whenever a particular homozygous recessive is inherited it shuts of the gene of expression--making the progeny recessive. Polygenic Inheritance is when many genes influence one phenotype. That's basically the human population--tall people, short people, averaged sized people. Pleiotropy is when allele codes for more than one trait. When blonde hair is inherited, as are huge ears. Multiple Alleles is your blood which displays codominance with the I^AB blood type. I know the examples were a bit ludicrous, but they should suffice.</h2>
<p>1.What is a polyzome?
2.How do cellulose and chitin differ?
3.What is a legume?</p>
<ol>
<li>don't know</li>
<li>chitin has nitrogen attached to the polysaccharide structure</li>
<li><p>they are plants that have nitrogen fixing bacteria on their roots. Usually bean, pea plants. </p></li>
<li><p>what are meristems</p></li>
<li><p>why do plants bend towards light if one side is light and the other side is dark</p></li>
</ol>
<h2>1. polysome is a set of multiple ribosomes translating the same mRNA at the same time.</h2>
<ol>
<li>meristems are areas of active cell division in plants responsible for primary and secondary growth. there is a zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation, and zone of cell differentiation.</li>
</ol>
<h2>2. auxin differences cause one side to elongate and the other side to shorten. the plant grows toward the light; auxin concentrates on the elongated side.</h2>
<ol>
<li>what are cytochromes?</li>
<li>name the scientists and their discoveries that led up to the completion of the human genome project (e.g. griffith, oswald & avery, tatum, franklin, watson & crick, etc.)</li>
</ol>
<h2>A polyzome quite simply is ribosome macromolecule so to speak.</h2>
<h2>Yes, legumes are a type of fungi--and live with a plant in a mutualistic sort of relationship. The legume produces nitrogen, and the plant produces nutrients and water via the vascular bundles.</h2>
<h2>1.Meristems are areas of a plant that are going through "random" cell division. Apical meristem describe vertical growth (primary) and secondary growth describes meristimatic cells that increase the plant in growth. Remember when plants grow: root cap, zone of elongation, zone of cell division, and zone of maturation.</h2>
<h2>Quite simply--auxin. Auxin, is located on the side of a plant that is NOT facing the sun. This is taken back to the experiments of Darwin Jr. and Boysen and Jenson. Auxin promotes cell elongation, allowing the opposite side of the plant to elongate, and extend further towards the sun.</h2>
<p>1.Name one Lamarckian theory that was correct.
2.____brings blood from the kidneys back to the heart.
3.What is a coleoptile tip?</p>
<ol>
<li>descent with modification, i.e. that organisms do change and evolution does occur.</li>
<li>renal blood circulation, inferior vena cava??</li>
</ol>
<h2>3. covering of the young shoot, usually epicoytl.</h2>
<ol>
<li>what are cytochromes?</li>
<li>name the scientists and their discoveries that led up to the completion of the human genome project (e.g. griffith, oswald & avery, tatum, franklin, watson & crick, etc.)</li>
</ol>
<h2>Cytochrome is an electron carrying protein in the light dependent reactions of plants.</h2>
<p>Griffith: He proved the plasmid theory by supporting prokaryotic transformation (used pnuemonia).</p>
<p>Avery and Mcleod: DNA is the molecule of heredity because it is the transforming component.</p>
<p>Hershey and Chase: DNA is the heritable material, not protein.</p>
<h2>Watson and Crick: Double Helix Structure.</h2>
<p>1.Name one Lamarckian theory that was correct.
2.____brings blood from the kidneys back to the heart.</p>
<h2>3.What is a coleoptile tip?</h2>
<p>Thanks for bringing that up. If you know what exactly happened in each experiment I'd greatly appreciate it.</p>
<ol>
<li>renal vein?? if there's such thing..</li>
<li>cytochromes are the proteins on teh electron transport chain that accept electrons and help create the proton gradient which drives the ATP synthase to make ATP</li>
<li>oh..i dont know</li>
</ol>
<p>What is synaspsis, chiasmata, crossing over, and when do they occur?<br>
what are the three types of fungi like protists
what kind of symbiotic relationship occurs when lichen grows on rock</p>
<p>1.Synapsis is the joining of two pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I. Eventually, alleles are exchanged among the different pairs of homologous chromosomes by forming a chiasmata. This chaismata is crossing over; it occurs during Prophase I, promoting genetic variation.
2.Oomycota (resides in water), Acrsiomycota (cellular slime model), and Myoximycota (plasmodial slime mold).</p>
<h2>3.Mutualism.</h2>
<p>1.Name three archaebacteria.
2.What are obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes?</p>