<p>Explain the Kreb's cycle.</p>
<p>Describe the neuromuscular junction's role in muscle contraction.</p>
<p>The Kreb's Cycle is too long - I'll explain the second one.</p>
<p>Basically, an action potential reaches the terminal axon end and causes acetylcholine to be diffused and then released across the synaptic cleft. This floats over to the muscle and binds to the acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma. This causes a depolarization, causing myosin cross bridges to form, causing the Z-lines to draw together, causing the muscle to contract.</p>
<p>Your turn: compare and contrast macro/microevolution.
then describe the sources of allele variation in a population</p>
<p>The Krebs cycle is used in respiration. A really watered down overview of it is that it follows Glycolysis (coversion of Glucose into Pyruvate). </p>
<p>The cycle takes Pyruvate and converts it into Acetyl CoA, also producing NADH and CO2 as well. </p>
<p>The Acetyl CoA is then converted into ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2. </p>
<p>Oxidative phosphorylation follows in which oxygen accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2 and sends them down an electron transport chain, which produces ATP in the process.</p>
<p>In total, 36 ATP is produced from the breakdown of 1 glucose.</p>
<p>Did you memorize that and reel it off, or refer to something when you wrote that?</p>
<p>I actually had most of the key processes memorized, I just refered back to my AP review book for specifics and to make sure everything was right.</p>
<p>Use Cliff's AP Bio review, its pretty good.</p>
<p>Yeah, I'm using Cliff's 2nd edition. It's really great except for animal reproduction and ecology. I haven't studied those...and I'm forgetting the details of the other earlier stuff (evolution, molecular genetics, respiration, photosynthesis, Mendelian genetics, etc.)</p>
<p>My brain can't fit so much stuff w/ so much detail....what should I do???</p>
<p>Don't forget fermentation too. </p>
<p>NAD+ is key to starting respiration again (glycolysis needs it to create NADH), which is produced from the last step of respiration: oxidative phosphorylation. So in a sense, it is sort of like a self replenishing cycle. Therefore, oxygen is a MUST because it has to be there to accept the electrons from NADH and turn NADH into NAD+.</p>
<p>Things ferment when there is no oxygen. So the thing undergoes glycolysis, and converts glucose into pyruvate (just like the normal process). But afterwards, the pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and 1 Co2. The acetaldehyde is made into ethonal, which releases 1 NAD+ to start respiration all over again. </p>
<p>Fermentation only generates 2 ATP instead of the regular 36, but its the only way some things can survive in the absense of oxygen.</p>
<p>Also, remember NADH is associated with respiration, while NADPH is associated with photosynthesis.</p>
<p>I would just read and reread the stuff. To make sure you learn it all, I would draw diagrams or write simple outlines BY MEMORY to serve as a little quiz or such. </p>
<p>And always read and UNDERSTAND the sample free response questions. And do the MC questions too. :)</p>
<p>According to the Bio breakdown, you should emphasize studying:
1) Evolution
2) Molecular Genetics
3) Plants and everything about them
4) Ecology</p>
<p>these have the biggest percentages...should I concentrate on those, and what are the crucial things to know about them?</p>
<p>Well, I would say:</p>
<p>Evolution- Genetic variability, general species/survival concepts, punett squares </p>
<p>Molecular Genetics- DNA replication, Protein synthesis (transcription, RNA processing, translation)</p>
<p>Plants- Probably everything</p>
<p>Ecology- environments, population cycles/charts</p>
<p>How in-depth must our knowledge be, do you think? For example, do I need to know all of the 5 kingdoms, the phyta, and the details associated with each?</p>
<p>Oh gosh, I hope not. I doubt the MC will go that in depth, but maybe a free response could go somewhere around there. </p>
<p>Well, we have until Monday. :)</p>
<p>If you have the time, do spend some time with the 5 kingdoms and learn the distinguishing characteristics of the various phylum (phyla?). You know, body symmetry, coelomate/pesudocoelomate, protostome/deuterostome, etc. There were a couple questions on this stuff last year, IIRC.</p>
<p>
<p>The cycle takes Pyruvate and converts it into Acetyl CoA, also producing NADH and CO2 as well.</p>
<p>The Acetyl CoA is then converted into ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.</p>
<p>Oxidative phosphorylation follows in which oxygen accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2 and sends them down an electron transport chain, which produces ATP in the process.</p>
<p>In total, 36 ATP is produced from the breakdown of 1 glucose.
</p>
<p>Careful with your terminology!! only the bold part is the Krebs Cycle. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA before entering the cycle. The Acetyl CoA is converted into CO2, with the Hydrogens added to NAD, and FAD in redox reactions. A few ATPs are made from ADP and P, through substrate level phosphorylation.</p>
<p>Most of the ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation, not during the Krebs cycle.</p>
<p>Which 5 kingdoms? You should be familiar with the three domains.</p>
<p>Five kingdoms are animalia, protista, fungi, plantae, and monera
Three domains are archaebacteria, bacteria and eukaryotes?</p>
<p>What are Gibberellins, and what are their effects on plants?</p>
<p>gibberellins are plant hormones that stimulate growth!</p>
<p>Describe the differences between circular and non-circular photophosphorylation.</p>
<p>What two hormones regulate blood-sugar levels?</p>
<p>okay i'll go to the hormone one! haha. i totally forgot the first question.</p>
<p>insulin & glucagon! and aren't there glucocorticoids and some other stuff? hmm. forgot.</p>
<p>i'll repeat the question above for someone else since i skipped it:</p>
<p>Describe the differences between circular and non-circular photophosphorylation.</p>
<p>You mean cyclic and non-cyclic?</p>
<p>It's cyclical and non-cyclical. As far as I remember, cylical is a more primitive version of non-cyclical. The electrons leave photosystem I, go to the primary electron acceptor, and then go back to the first electron transport chain. As they move down the chain, they lose energy, which is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP by adding the phosphate grp. then the electrons go back to photosystem I and perpetuate.</p>
<p>non-cyclical is when the recharged electrons leave photosystem I and go to the primary electron acceptor. Then, the 2 electrons combine with 2 H+ and an NADP+ to form an NADPH. This NADPH is used in the Calvin Cycle to convert CO2 to Glucose.</p>
<p>Glucose is used in cell respiration and is converted into ATP.</p>
<p>My question:</p>
<p>ATP is generated in photosynthesis, so why does photosynthesis convert light energy into Glucose, and then into ATP in cell respiration?? This seems like an "extra", even wasted, step.</p>
<p>Or...am I even correct?</p>