<p>Southern blotting is a technique used to transfer the results from gel electrophoresis onto paper (or some other surface?) I am not sure about specifics...</p>
<p>Gel elctrophoresis is a mechanism used to analyze DNA in which DNA samples are put into a well (after being cut up by restriction enzymes) and a dye is added. The well w/ the DNA is hooked up to an elctrode. Since DNA has a negative charge, the positive part of the electrode is attached to the end of the well conatining the DNA. The DBA is repelled down the gel as it repels the positve electrical charge. The smaller fragments move futhur down the gel beucase they can move down the gel more easily, while the larger peices stay towards the top. The end result is a unique imprint of DNA strands for a particluar organism. Can be used for forensics or parent identification. If half of the child's DNA matches with the prospective parent, then it is assumed that the donor is the parent, since half of your DNA comes from one parent.</p>
<p>Root Nodules fix N2 from the atmosphere. The N2 is converted to NH4+. This NH4+ is then converted to NO2- and then to NO3- in Nitrification. Denitrifying bacteria can then convert the NO3- back to N2 Gas. Woo hoo!</p>
<p>Describe the differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II. How are they different from Mitosis?</p>
<p>-If respiration or photosynthesis is part of the FR then MAKE SURE to include the formulas. Don't forget to explain them as well.</p>
<p>-Don't forget to label graphs completely (title, axes, etc.)</p>
<p>-If you mention electrophoresis or PCR as part of a lab experiment then be sure to explain the radioactively labeled probe in PCR or the size of fragments affecting migration from - to +.</p>
<p>Meiosis I involves the division of tetrads, pairs homologous chromosomes, during anaphase rather than the division of the homologous chromosomes. The cell then proceeds to Meiosis II, where it performs the same thing as Mitosis. The result is 4 new cells, vs 2 new cells in Mitosis, and haploid cells vs diploid cells. Meiosis is for sex cells, and Mitosis is for autosomes.</p>
<p>CAM- Crussalec(?) Acid Metabolism- C02 + PEP --> Oxaloacetate ----> Malic Acid. Then the Malic Acid---> Oxaloacetate---> C02 + RuBP-----> Calvin Cycle. This conversion allows the plant to close its stomata during the day and use the C02 captured in the Malic acid during the day, thus reducing water loss. Example- Cactus.</p>
<p>C4- C02 combines with PEP to form ----> Oxaloacetate. The Oxaloacetate then is converted to malate, where it leaves the mesophyll cell and goes off to the bundle sheath cell, where it is then converted to C02 and combined with RuBp to enter the Calvin cycle. This alternate form of transportation allows for much more efficient transfer of C02, and keeps the O2 competition to a minimum. EX: Sugarcane</p>
<p>Tell me about the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation with regards to heredity.</p>
<p>I guess I'll ask one since there wasn't any ones before. before i do though..</p>
<p>Oxidative phosphorylation follows in which oxygen accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2 and sends them down an electron transport chain, which produces ATP in the process.</p>
<p>I thought this happened. Oxygen accepts those final electrons, but..</p>
<p>h2 --> 2e- + 2h+. I didn't think oxygen sent electrons down an electon transport chain because I thought thats what Nadh and fadh2 did.... also i thought the protons have to cross the atp synthase to actually form atp.</p>
<p>As for the african sleeping sickness, its the tse tse fly. (How do you spell it? lol) I don't know what phylum it is. I need to go over the clasification chapters.</p>
<p>Steamedrice90:
Also, an alternative metabolic pathway similar to fermenation occurs durng muscle contraction under conditions of oxygen deficiency. Glucose derived from glycogen is converted into lactic acid, which causes muscle fatigue.</p>
<p>The Tse Tse fly is the vector for the parasite that causes the disease, and is in phylum Arthropoda. African sleeping sickness is in the genus Trypanosoma (I had to study it's close cousin, Chagas' Disease), and I believe it is a euglenid.</p>
<p>In response to thorps517's post... More details on Nitrogen Cycle.
Essay + outline:</p>
<p>Nitrogen Cycle.
Nitrogen enters ecosystems via two natural pathways. The first is atmospheric deposition: NH4+ and NO3-, the two forms available to plants, are added to the soil by being dissolved in the rain or by settling as part of fine dust. The other natural pathway is nitrogen fixation. Only certain prokaryotes can fix nitrogenthat is, convert N2 to minerals that can be used to synthesize nitrogenous organic compounds such as amino acids. Nitrogen is fixed in terrestrial ecosystems by free-living soil bacteria and some symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium) in the root nodules of legumes. Some cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in aquatic environments. In addition to these natural sources of usable nitrogen, industrial fixation of nitrogen for fertilizer now makes a major contribution to the pool of nitrogenous minerals.
The direct product of nitrogen fixation is ammonia (NH3). However, most soils are at least slightly acidic, and NH3 released into the soil picks up a hydrogen ion to form ammonium, NH4+, which can be used directly by plants. Most of the ammonium in soil is used by certain aerobic bacteria as an energy source; their activity oxidizes ammonium to nitrite NO2- and nitrate NO3-, a process called nitrification. Some bacteria can obtain the oxygen they need for metabolism from nitrate rather than from O2, under anaerobic conditions. As a result of this denitrification, some nitrate is converted back to N2, returning to the atmosphere. The decomposition of organic nitrogen back to ammonium, a process called ammonification, is carried out mainly by bacterial and fungal decomposers. </p>
<p>Outline:
Nitrogen is required to make amino and nucleic acids.
Reservoirs: atmosphere (N2), soil (NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, NO2- or nitrite, NO3- or nitrate)
Assimilation: plants absorb nitrogen as either NO3-/NH4+; animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants, or other animals.
Nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH4+ by prokaryotes. N2 to NO3- by lightning and UV radiation.
Nitrification: NH4+ to NO2- and NO2- to NO3- by various nitrifying bacteria. NH4+ or NO3- to organic compounds by plant metabolism.
Release:
Denitrification: NO3- to N2 by denitrifying bacteria.
Ammonification: Organic compounds to NH4+ by detrivorous bacteria.
Animals excrete NH4+ (or NH3), urea, uric acid.</p>
<p>I've got a question in general about the AP Bio. Exam. (I don't mean to sound cocky, but this is really confusing me.) All of the actual AP Bio. questions I can get my hand on are not overly difficult, especially after reading through Campbells. I know a lot of high school AP Bio. classes use Campbells, so why is the AP Exam so difficult (or supposedly difficult)?</p>