<p>Please don’t bother studying…I never cracked open a review book and still got a 5. It was cake XD</p>
<p>Nice response, leafblade1354.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>Fortunately, the curve is lenient.</p>
<p>Name three factors that distinguish the process of mitosis from meiosis.</p>
<ul>
<li>number of daughter cells produced (2 vs 4)</li>
<li>amount of genetic material (haploid vs diploid) in daughter cells</li>
<li>crossing-over during meiosis</li>
</ul>
<p>Briefly explain Hershey&Chase’s experiment and its significance.</p>
<p>“Briefly explain Hershey&Chase’s experiment and its significance.”</p>
<p>It proved that DNA carried genetic material instead of proteins by using radioactive tracers to track viruses infecting bacteria.</p>
<p>[Hershey-Chase</a> experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia](<a href=“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey_and_Chase_experiment]Hershey-Chase”>Hershey–Chase experiment - Wikipedia)</p>
<p>Structure of a virus?</p>
<p>My teacher uses Campbell’s questions and I hate all her tests.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>First, viruses are essentially parasites of cells. Viruses weaken an organism by invading a cell, injecting its genetic material into the cell (thereby appropriating its metabolic functions), and assembles multiple copies of itself. In the process, it usually obliterates the host cell.</p>
<p>Viruses consist of three basic structures: an RNA or DNA molecule (which contains the genetic material of the virus), capsid (protective protein covering), and envelope (which incorporates phospholipids and stuctural proteins from the membrane of the infected cell).</p>
<p>Oh, I forgot:</p>
<p>Describe a lysogenic cycle.</p>
<p>Haha Mifune your questions are very specific… lol and most of which I don’t remember anymore (the one about pleotriopy and now lysogenic cycle). I think we should shift the questions to questions that are more representative of test questions on the AP exam.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>Yes, I attempt to not overtax the individual responding. It avoids stalling the dialogue.</p>
<p>In a lysogenic cycle, the genetic material of the virus is temporarily integrated into the DNA of the host cell. The virus remains dormant until some external stimuli causes the virus to undergo the destructive lytic cycle. A virus involved in this process is deemed a provirus.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>As in multiple-choice questions or portions of FRQs?</p>
<p>Until then, here is another mini-review: Name two types of genetic mutations.</p>
<p>Can someone explain the immune response to me? >_> I don’t quite get it. I studied AP Bio in 2 months so I skipped a few minor details and 1 or 2 big topics (such as the specifics of the immune response).</p>
<p>“Name two types of genetic mutations.”</p>
<p>Frameshift and substitution.</p>
<p>I don’t know about immune response. Maybe Mifune can tell you.</p>
<p>“I think we should shift the questions to questions that are more representative of test questions on the AP exam.”</p>
<p>Any ideas? I find the “mini-reviews” to be really helpful. Multiple choice questions would be helpul if anyone is willing to put in the work.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>The immune response is basically the third line of defense after the “nonspecific line of first defense” by the integumentary system (which includes the skin and mucous membranes) and the second line of defense, which includes other nonspecific mechanisms including defense reactions such as the immune response.</p>
<p>The immune response essentially identifies and pursues particular antigens (any pathogenic agents deemed to be foreign to an organism’s immune system). It targets specific cells through the *major histocompatibility complex<a href=“MHC”>/i</a>. The MHC is a collection of glycoproteins that exists in the phospholipid bilayers of each cell in the body and is unique to each person. (That is the primary mechanism behind the rejection of organ transplants.)</p>
<p>The predominant mediators of the immune response are the lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are further classified into B cells and T cells. The critical difference between the two is that B cells engage in the humoral response (produce antibodies against antigens) whereas T cells engage in the cell-mediated response (extinguishing any “nonself” cell). The overexaggeration of the cell-mediated response is characteristic of intense immunological diseases, such as lupus, where a T cell cannot properly discriminate between a “self” and “nonself” cell.</p>
<p>This is by far from a complete response, but it provides an overview. Please inform me if you wish me to supply any clarification.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>For the FRQ I think these questions seem great, but I was thinking that maybe covering more of the basic essential topics the AP exam will cover on the MC and getting a general understanding is much more helpful. Some people may know specifics, but asking more broad/general questions will make some of us think about these topics again and allow others who may have forgotten something to learn it again by reading peoples responses.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>I can gladly assist to the best of my ability.</p>
<p>Basically the body has three defense systems: The First line, second line, and more specialized. In the first line of defense we have the skin which protects us from a lot of pathogens, our mucus, and our lung lining. Followed by this we have non-specific immune cells such as neutrophils, and macrophages which come immediately to the site of invasion and try to destroy the pathogen by engulfing or puncturing the pathogen’s cell. Initially when you have an immune response such as a puncture wound, histamine is activated which rushes cells to the area of infection and causes it to inflame, thus signaling an immune response. Also, the immune system has many other methods or responses, such as an increase in body temperature to kill the bacteria/virus because most viruses or bacterias cannot survive under certain circumstances. We also cough or build mucus as a sign of a fight against pathogens.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>The mini-review is wonderful! I was just thinking that some questions were very trivial, that’s all.</p>
<p>Adenine, this is for you, in particular. * Name the four nucleotides present in a DNA molecule and the two pairings.*</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>Oh, okay.</p>
<p>-</p>
<p>“Adenine, this is for you, in particular. Name the four nucleotides present in a DNA molecule and the two pairings.” </p>
<p>Thanx mifune. OK, guanine goes to cytosine and thymine goes to adenine (hey thats me!).</p>
<p>Here is a snip from last year’s AP Exam:</p>
<p>Explain how chemiosmosis produces ATP.</p>
<p>Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of hydrogen ions across a selectively permeable membrane that can used to perform cellular work (such as production of ATP). The energy that drives the diffusion of hydrogen ions through the membrane comes from the exergonic flow of electrons through the ETC, which is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The accumulation of hydrogen ions from one side of the membrane (higher concentration) results in the tendency of hydrogen ions to move down through concentration gradient via ATP synthase. As hydrogen ions move travel through the ATP synthase (transmembrane protein) into the other side of the membrane, a phosphate group is attached to ADP, creating ATP.</p>
<p>I’ll add a question soon…</p>
<p>Describe r-and K- life-history strategies.</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>In volatile environments, r-selection predominates as the ability to reproduce quickly is absolutely vital. There is little merit in adapting to one’s environment to obtain traits conducive to survival since the population is likely to change relatively frequently. Characteristics of those in r-selected environments include small body size, a short developmental period, and the ability to disperse offspring rapidly. Examples include bacteria and small rodents.</p>
<p>In stable environments where the maximum sustainable population is great, K-selection preponderates as the ability to adapt and compete for resources is greatest. Characteristics of those K-selected environments include a large body size, a longer developmental period, and a longer gestational period for their young. Examples include whales and humans.</p>
<p>There is not a binary distinction between the two, however. r/K selection exists on a continuum.</p>
<p>Name one or more difference(s) between GTP and ATP.</p>