Two things: First, the fact that you can handle the homework that your cousins at UChic & Duke are doing is not the whole story. For example, UChic is on the quarter system, which means that you are pushing through a lot of material very quicky. A problem set in isolation is one thing; in the context of multiple classes at the same time it can be quite another. Second, and more importantly, you are quite probably right- and it is beside the point. When Collegedad was lecturing at Harvard and the Collegekids were in HS, he came home saying that they and virtually all of their friends would be well able for the work. There are lots more kids who can handle the work than there are spaces for them. As somebody upthread pointed out, most of the kids who get into tippy tops are AND kids- they have demonstrated that they can do college level work AND do something (or several somethings) at the same time.
It’s too late for that. You need to keep your grades up, yes, but the only thing you can really change now is your essays (and test scores if you went that route).
Nonetheless, they will be writing an LoR for you whether you like it or not, and it will carry weight. We have had both good & bad experiences with CCs at fancy prep schools, so I get that yours might not be great- but they are what you have to work with.
Whatever else you do, this is a good time to hone your self-advocacy skills. You have a class of 70 kids and at least 2 CCs, so perhaps as many as 35 students each. They will be focused on the two ends of your class plus the random squeaky wheels: the 10+ students who are top of the class that the school wants to see get into top name colleges*; the 10+ students at the bottom of the class who need to get into an actual 4 year college*; and the random squeaky wheels (super pushy parents / family are multi-generation alums / ones who give lots of money) need to get into a college that the parents will be happy enough with.
From their point of view, you are a relative late comer, are in the middle of the pack, and will definitely get into a credible school that will be a good place for you (they are right about this last point, btw). The regional reps for the mid-tier colleges where they see you landing will know the CCs & the school well enough.
Self-advocacy in this case means you putting yourself forward- ie, being a squeaky wheel. It’s hard, because you have to continuously calibrate how hard you push (not so much that you are annoying, not so little that it doesn’t have an impact), and it might not end up making any difference at all. But: it might make all the difference.
So, back up and look at the schools on your list. Figure out what schools you actually, seriously think are the best fit for you. Be able to articulate why college X instead of college Y. Be able to identify 3 tiers of schools that have similar elements, so that you can say "I love X b/c of Y…, but of course it’s a reach, so I also like Z, b/c I would get a lot of Y, and it’s more of a match. Of course, Uni A has some elements of Y, and I could make them work, so it’s a good safety. If you have already been given your prep sheet (sometimes called a ‘brag sheet’ or similar), go over it carefully. Then go make an appointment with your CC, and talk them through it. Don’t over-lean on the ‘it’s not fair b/c…’- simply note that it’s frustrating that starting late limited your options. Ask about how to demonstrate that you have maximized what you have done within the parameters that you had work with. etc. Have at least 2 specific, narrow questions ready to ask during the appointment. Demonstrating that you are serious about this, show that you are approaching this in a mature and disciplined manner, gives them direct experience of you, which can only help in writing your LoR.
*these are super important to the school from a reputational pov