<p>BECPO and FARBM are mnemonics to help you memorize ecological ordering as well as the chordate evolution timeline.</p>
<p>BECPO=biosphere, ecosystem, community, population
FARBM=fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal</p>
<p>Know the heart, kidney, ear and eye well. Heart and kidney are most often tested; you probably won’t have any eye/ear questions (but now that I’ve said that, you’ll have a ton of them :P) Know the kidney and all the hormones that act on it, how they act, and where they act. For example, aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule by establishing an NaCl gradient to draw water in.</p>
<p>Know muscle contraction. Calcium is essential for muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine is a muscle stimulant except with cardiac muscle; it relaxes cardiac muscle.
Acetylcholinesterase degrades acetylcholine.
Antiacetylcholinesterase inhibits acetycholinesterase; leads to a buildup of acetylcholine in the synapse. </p>
<p>Know the clotting chain (thromboplastin+vitamin K---->prothrombin—>thrombin—>fibrinogen---->fibrin). </p>
<p>Also, know what hormones the anterior pituitary secretes. Mnemonic for that is FLAT PIG.</p>
<p>FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (lutenizing hormone)
ACTH(adenocorticotropic hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)</p>
<p>Prolactin
Ignore
Growth hormone</p>
<p>Posterior pituitary serves as a storage site for hormones generated in the hypothalamus; posterior pituitary stores ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin.</p>
<p>Also, oxytocin’s feedback loop is one of the most common positive feedback loops in humans. The rubbing of a fetus’ head on the cervix stimulates oxytocin production, which causes the uterus to contract, causing the fetus’s head to rub against the cervix, stimulating oxytocin production which causes the uterus to contract, etc.</p>