<p>I highly doubt that there will be an essay on unconscious and subconscious mind, but it probably is worth it to look over.</p>
<p>As for the latest question, the first real IQ test was developed by Binet, which used the formula mental age/chronological age. Wechsler also contributed with a child-only test. The test is intended to have a bell curve. The problems today consist of possible bias and validity of the actual tests.</p>
<p>My question: Explain the difference between retroactive interference and proactive interference.</p>
<p>Retroactive interference is when new learned information interferes with the recall of older information. Proactive interference is the opposite. It's when older learned information interferes with the recall of newer information. </p>
<p>Well, getting back to subconscious and unconscious, unconscious is the term used by Freud to describe traumatizing events that our ego suppresses to protect ourselves. The subconscious on the other hand contains more simple information, such as the likelihood of choosing a specific word. It is not actively repressed by any part of the brain, and we know that it exists because of our behavior. While both subconscious and unconscious control our behavior, the unconscious usually controls complex behavior patterns or even personality while subconscious only influences simple actions or choices.</p>
<p>1)Classical conditioning: pavlov and the drooling doggy
this is where he conditioned the response of drooling in a dog by presenting a neutral stimulus (the chime/tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) until the tone becomes a conditioned stimulus</p>
<p>2)Operant conditioning: this is strengthening a behavior with reinforcement or punishment; important guy is Skinner and his skinner box (operant chamber) </p>
<p>3)By Observation: Bandura and bobo the clown experiments; learn by watching; monkey see, monkey do</p>
<p>I thought Classical and Operant doesn't not count for cognitive learning, since either suggest a clear behaviorial view, though there are cognitive argument on those...</p>
<p>anyways, i thought of observational, latent, insight and abstract learning?</p>
<p>Observational, is just what has been said before. Two steps: Observation, imitation.</p>
<p>Latent learning, studied by Tolman, suggest that sometimes learning is hidden, and only showed up when a reinforcement is given for the learning to be evident. Tolman's study has 3 group of rats running through maze. one is given a reward everytime, one given no reward, one not given reward thorugh the first half, then get reward for the 2nd half. the third group's performance increased dramatically when they are given reward, show that they had already started to learn about the maze before, just had no reason to do it fast. </p>
<p>Insight learning, is when the subject got a sudden insight to a problem. like when you look at a problem, then suddenly get how to solve it. </p>
<p>abstract learning involve learning concepts, not just a particular stimulus and consequence relationship. like learning stuff such as "same", "dog" or stuff like that. it shows that the subject can learn to think to achieve a reward, not just learning a S-R relationship.</p>
<p>Jung believed in the collective unconscious. believed that people had "shadows" of themselves and persona's that they use t mask their inner feelings. </p>
<p>Maslow thought peple should accept themselves in order to achieve self-actualization, reaching full potential.</p>
<p>explain how a neurotransmitter travels through the brain. (briefly)</p>
<p>A neurotransmittor is released from a dendrite and lands on a neurotransmittor receptor which generates on ionic membrane potential and that in turn triggers Na and K pumps on the nerve cell on which it landed.</p>
<p>What's a mylar sheath and how does that relate to grey matter?</p>
<p>Myelin sheath is a fatty substance coating a neuron to make neural impulses tral faster. Gray matter is the part of the brain containing unmyelinated neurons... on the other hand, white matter has neurons with myelin sheaths, which is where they get their color (the fatty substance is white)</p>
<p>Describe the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory.</p>
<p>OMG That's what i'm just reading about.
Trichromatic- 3 types of cones- blue, red, green
Opponent-Process Theory- senosry receptors come in pairs... red/green, yellowblue, black/white</p>
<p>What's the different between efferet and afferent neurons?</p>
<p>Efferent neurons leave the brain, carrying neural info... afferent neurons take sensory info to the brain...? E for exit, A for deposit info AT the brain... I think.</p>
<p>WHat is the difference btwn cross sectional and longitudinal studies?</p>
<p>Both studies are developmental studies. A cross-sectional study involves taking people of different age groups and comparing behavioral differences between them. This is inaccurate, because there are tons of confounding variables. Longitudinal studies involve taking a group of people and studying them over the course of time. For example, a psychologist might administer an IQ test to the same group of children every year to confirm the hypothesis that intelligence increases with age. These tests are highly accurate, but have one major setback. They take extremely long amounts of time to complete.</p>
<p>Explain Content Validy, Criterion-Related Validity, and Construct Validity.</p>
<p>Sorry, but my questions about Jung and Maslow was not answered on topic. Jung's theory for achievement was to be accepted and have positive self-esteem. Maslow, on the other hand, deems that self-actualization came from fulfilling the fulfilling the Hierarchy of Human Needs.</p>