On the matter of exaggeration vs. lying:
I believe a lot of students exaggerate on their applications, sometimes without even knowing they’re doing it. Confirmation bias is present in 99.9% of the human race, and high school seniors are no exception. If someone lists a sport (say, basketball) and writes that he/she was a “key player on the school basketball team,” then it may be that it’s what many would consider an exaggeration for someone who averaged 4-5 points a game.
However, it’s also easy to understand how a kid can see him/herself as a key player (without believing he/she is a good player). Most people will remember the stuff they taught the underclassman just placed on the team. Or the way their teammates asked them for advice on tactics before a given game. Or the fact that they’ve rarely missed a practice in 3 years. There’s no reason for them to have any recollection of the 14th time during their senior season that everyone looked to the point guard for advice rather than them, or the second of four practices they did miss, or the 38th time the coach had a chance to put them in a game and went with someone else.
So it’s possible to exaggerate without meaning to.
It’s also possible for kids to make accomplishments sound more impressive than they are without lying. One of my ECs, for instance, is piano. I’ve never planned on listing it on my college application, because to call my piano playing music is a stretch (saying it sounds like a cat being dragged through a gutter would be insulting…to the cat). Even so, I could, in all honesty, write that I’ve “played piano for 10+ years” and admissions officers would make certain assumptions about my level that, though I doubt they’d see me as bound for Carnegie Hall, would be overoptimistic. That’s not a lie. It’s just misleading.
My personal view is that many top schools have so many applications to sift through that any valid excuse for a rejection helps them sift through their 35,000 prospective students, making dishonesty very risky. Others may say, since their odds are only 1 in 20 anyway, why not take a chance in order to increase them?
I feel it’s important to understand why some kids may write apparently misleading descriptions of their ECs, whether inadvertently (as in my first example) or knowingly (as in the second). And of course there are examples like that given at this thread’s start, which are blatantly wrong. I personally believe such students are making a mistake, for the reasons I outlined in my previous post, but I try not to get in the habit of judging others. They’re the ones who have to live with the decision’s risks, with the consequences, and with themselves.