On the doctoral level, Penn State is a top 10 philosophy program, whereas UW is more mid-ranked. That doesn’t necessarily easily translate to the undergrad level, though, for a variety of reasons. Basically, any solidly ranked college/university probably has solid departments in most of the things they offer, so really that shouldn’t be the deciding factory between the two.
Whether Penn State’s location is a bad thing depends on you. I live in State College. College students tend to make their own fun, and for the undergrads here seems to be a lot of things to do. There’s a downtown area with lots of bars, and there are tons of student groups on campus and lots of events. Also, State College surprisingly attracts some interesting acts for far cheaper than you would see in cities: Kevin Hart (the comedian) came here in March; there was a Garth Brooks/Trisha Yearwood concert here in April, and the Broadway production of Mamma Mia! was here in…February, I think? They’ve also brought smaller acts and groups in - like I went to see an African music troupe, and I saw Laverne Cox speak on campus (she was amazing!)
I disagree that you’ll be “too busy” to enjoy your surroundings. I went to college in an urban area, and I definitely enjoyed all the things my city had to offer - it really just depends on what you choose to do as a student. But it’s a matter of preference - some people love the vibrant campus life that evolves when you live in a small town where everything revolves around the university. And some people love going to a college in an urban area and enjoying the city. Some urban colleges do have very vibrant campus life; I don’t know if UW is that.
Noooooo. Not for a degree in philosophy, especially, but not generally speaking either. Penn State’s total cost of attendance is just under $50K a year for OOS students, so if you attend for two years the cost will be $100K. Unless you or your parents can make a significant dent in that, or you get a lot of scholarship aid (unlikely), that is likely to be far too much to borrow. Tuition, fees, room & board at UW is half the cost of PSU’s, and you’re likely to get more financial aid and assistance from Washington state since you are transferring from a CC. (If you’re commuting from home, the cost is even cheaper.)
Also, are you considering your other Washington state universities? The other public universities in Washington are highly regarded and quite inexpensive; Eastern, Western, and Central Washington are cheaper than UW-Seattle, and Washington State is slightly cheaper because the cost of living is lower. If you wanted to go to a big state university in the middle of nowhere, Washington State seems like a more prudent financial choice than Penn State.