All good points.
I absolutely agree that making sure that all kids have access to good K-12 education will solve almost all of the equity issues in college admissions. I could go on an unrelated rant about the way that requiring that schools be funded by property taxes is one of the primary ways by which income inequality is perpetuated and how generational poverty is being established alongside generational accumulation of wealth in a small proportion of the population.
The problems with regular testing have already been seen with NCLB. Schools have been focused on training their students to do well on these tests, instead of learning, recesses are being eliminated, subjects which are not he tests, like music and art are being eliminated, all so that the kids spend more time essentially preparing for these tests. Possibly worse than all that is the fact that inquiry and intellectual curiosity are being suppressed, since they cause time to be taken away from yet more test prep.
Then you have the fact that schools that do not demonstrate year-to-year “improvement” are penalized. So a school that has reached 100% of their kids passing will almost certainly be penalized the next year, since it will demonstrate no improvement. We had a long discussion with our district superintendent about these issues (I was part of an advocacy group when my kid was on elementary school).
In a decently funded school, in which teachers aren’t underpaid and overworked, which has the resources it needs to teach, and where all kids have access to the critical resources they need, income will have a lot less effect, and where teachers are also training to do a better job at assessment than they presently do, testing would not be needed. Kids from lower income families would be able to achieve as much (or nearly as much) as their peers from wealthier families.
In that situation, wealthy kid would likely still have advantages, but they wouldn’t be so extreme, and, because the USA has that very large set of great public universities, they would not have a huge impact on higher education either. So instead of attending Stanford, the smartest low income kids would mostly attend Wisconsin, UIUC, Purdue, or Alabama. That is a perfectly good outcome, which, in my opinion, is about as equitable as life can ever be. Yes, poorer kids would still have to work harder for the same results, but that is part of the inherent unfairness of life, rather than being part of massive unfairness that is developed and cultivated by a system set up to perpetuate income inequality.
All that being said, when colleges are looking to recruit talent from kids who have gone through this badly set up education system, they are missing kids who, despite their difficulties, are shining. These kids are simply not shining as much as their wealthy peers because they have access to fewer resources. A kid who set up a complex experiment with minimal resources is unlikely to have amazing results that can appear in a peer-reviewed publication. However, they demonstrate that this kid has the same skills and talents as their wealthy peer who did get a peer reviewed publication, because they could run their experiment at a university lab with top quality equipment and materials. Again, the problem is not that the kid is being ignored by Harvard, because that’s Harvard’s loss. The kid being ignored by their state flagships, such as UVA or Michigan, becomes a failure of the system.
TL;DR 1. Yes, solving the K-12 education issues would remove this burden from colleges. However, testing creates more problems than is solves. Rather, we should invest in equitable K-12 education, which would provide highly talented lower income kids the tools they need to have similar achievements as their wealthier peers.
TL;DR 2. Colleges are also not set up to identify poor kids who, despite bad schools, are actually shining in their own environment.