<p>wait you were rightt
the bias is used to explain the phenomenon </p>
<p>describre the different stages of birth for a human baby</p>
<p>zygote - fertilized egg (sex till 2 weeks), embryo (2 weeks - 9 months), fetus (9 months+)</p>
<p>Name 5 neurotransmitters and their functions</p>
<p>aCh- important in the voluntary movement of muscles
serotonin-controls mood
endorphins-controlls pain
dopamine-main function is to release prolactin, but can also increase blood pressure and respiratory rates
melotonin-important in the regulation of circadian rhythms vital for biological functions</p>
<p>what is man’s role or meaning in the psychoanaltic perspective?</p>
<p>Whoa, didn’t know melotonin… </p>
<p>The man… well, they are superior to females in every way, and Freud theorized that women got ***** ENVY, because they wish they had one… Men get castration anxiety and go through the Oedipus complex. That’s it, right? </p>
<p>What is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference?</p>
<p><em>edit</em> lol at censors, even though that’s actually the term Freud used</p>
<p>Retroactive interference is when newer information interferes in the recall if older information. Proactive is vice versa. </p>
<p>What’s the difference between Pavlov’s contiguity model of classical conditioning an Rescorla’s contingency of classical conditioning?</p>
<p>Retroactive interference is when newer information interferes with the ability to remember older information while Proactive interference is when older information affects the ability to learn new information.</p>
<p>Oops, already answered. ^^;</p>
<p>Pavlov’s contiguity model only states that the more often two things are paired, the more likely the response becomes. While the contingency model depends on the US and CS being continually paired to form a stronger result as opposed to a contiguity model which would assume that the same number of presentations have the same result whether they were continuous or not. </p>
<p>Who developed the social learning theory? Breifly explain this theory.</p>
<p>Bandura is a famous pioneer of social learning theory which states that people go through reinforcements in order to develop new behaviors for such and such rewards. It also proposes that the environment influences people’s behavior.
explain the locus of control and who created it</p>
<p>I’ll add a question:</p>
<p>Explain the stages of speech development.</p>
<ol>
<li>Babbling stage, with lots of… babbling</li>
<li>1 word stage, can say 1 word</li>
<li>2 word stage, called telegraphic speech</li>
<li>normal speech (?) (idk wat this stage is called)</li>
</ol>
<p>What are the types of reinforcement schedules, and which is best for learning?</p>
<p>Reinforcement schedules include continuous, fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval. Initially, continuous is the best for learning. However, once the initial learning process is complete, a variable schedule should be adopted in order to minimize the chance of extinction.</p>
<p>What are the criticisms of Piaget’s cognitive learning theory and what model opposes it?</p>
<p>I know that some people say that development is more continuous, and that children develop earlier, but I don’t know what the opposing model is… </p>
<p>Name 5 major defense mechanisms as defined by Freud.</p>
<p>(Opposing model to Piaget is information-processing model.)</p>
<p>Denial: Act like the event didn’t happen at all.
Sublimation: Redirect frustration to a healthier goal.
Regression: To retreat to earlier times, like seeking comfort in a teddy bear.
Rationalization: To find something positive in the situation.
Repression: Block out the thoughts from the conscious.</p>
<p>Describe Bandura’s viewpoint on personality development.</p>
<p>Edit: By the way, can someone demonstrate standard deviation more clearly for me? It’s confusing and my book doesn’t go through it well. :(</p>
<p>Bandura theorized in his Triadic Reciprocality/Reciprocal Determinism theory that three factors affect personality development: Person (Traits), Environment, and Person’s Behavior. These work together in a loop-like fashion to constitute one’s personality. </p>
<p>Standard deviation is difficult to explain in words alone. There’s a bell-shaped curve (called the normal curve) that depicts the range of all the possible scores. 68% of scores fall within one standard deviation from the median (middle) (~34% on each side). 95% fall within two deviations, and 99% fall within three. Just Google standard deviation and you should see the normal curve and what I just typed will be much more clear.</p>
<p>What are some theories of emotion?</p>
<p>Well, no, I know what the curve looks like, and I know the percentages. I just don’t know how to figure out the standard deviation. My book said something like taking the square root of whatever…</p>
<p>James and Lange: Emotions come from biological changes due to stress.</p>
<p>Cannon and Bard: Biological change and cognitive awareness of emotions occur at the same time. Cannon thought the thalamus played a big role in this.</p>
<p>Two-factor theory: Stanley Schachter; said both physical and mental interpretations combine in making emotional responses.</p>
<p>Describe Mary Ainsworth’s experiment on attachments and tell what sort of attachments she named.</p>
<p>Ohhh Standard deviation and variance is what you’re talking about. I doubt that will show up on the exam, but here’s a site that explains it quite well:</p>
<p>[Standard</a> Deviation and Variance](<a href=“http://www.mathsisfun.com/standard-deviation.html]Standard”>http://www.mathsisfun.com/standard-deviation.html)</p>
<p>Ainsworth put a bunch of babies in what she called a “strange situation,” as in a lab, with their mothers. She then had the mothers leave and observed the babies’ reactions. There are 3 types of attachment, secure, insecure, and ambivalent.</p>
<p>Secure Attachment: Kid explored when parent left the room and was happy when mother came back. (65%est)
Insecure Attachment: Kid had a total meltdown when parent left the room and was somewhat standoffish when they came back (20%est)
Ambivalent Attachment: Doesn’t really care when leaves or come back (15%est)</p>
<p>Someone clarify this please =)</p>
<p>Secure: see above
Insecure: Cry when mother leaves, seeks comfort when mother returns
Ambivalent: Trys to get away from mother, but once away starts crying </p>
<p>Although idk, it’s wierd. In the Meyer’s book it used those 3, but in Barron’s they used secure, avoidant, and something else. </p>
<p>Can anyone confirm this?</p>
<p>Princeton review has secure, insecure, and avoidant.</p>
<p>o Secure – child uses parent for support
o Insecure – child not sure if parent will be supportive/standoffish
o Avoidant – child doesn’t use parent for support/doesn’t care</p>
<p>What is transference and why is it useful?</p>