Official apush 2009 study thread

<p>culture and social changes 1960s******</p>

<p>conflict historiography- study of how history is written, consensus historians of the 1950s emphasized compromise as the key characteristic of change, conflict historians believe that change occurs through conflict</p>

<p>new left-SDS, interested in social change, not explicitly socialist, even though many in the organizations were socialists, rejected the old left of stalinism, tried to differentiate themselves from the debates over totalitarianism by claiming that america did not need a police state to enforce equality</p>

<p>intro
protestors were ordinary people who were agents of changepostwar booom, contrast with depression culture of parents</p>

<p>moral and intellectual roots
moreal roots came from civil rights movement, intellectual from analysis of four main thinkiners, encouraged free expression intellectually and sexually</p>

<p>cultural roots
jazz and blues, casual aceptance of marijuana, beats </p>

<p>political organizations
students for a democratic society- founded by port huron document which called for letting hte people decide, educative creative work
SDS was a new left organization, when the vietnam war did not end in response to their demonstrations, some called for violence agains the united states war machine, splitting sds up into factions
the weathermen decided to become terrorists in america to save the world from more vietnams, four weathermen died in an explosion in a townhouse in NYC, SDS terrorism died with them</p>

<p>free speech movement
UC berkeley, grew out of civil rights demonstrations in san francisco, students were fighting to be treated with respect, free speech movement of 1964 grew into an antiwar organization called vietnam day committee</p>

<p>yippies
hoffman organized a group of anerchists to oppose the war in vietnam, these tippies poured garbage bags full of dollar bills from the balcony onto the floor of the new york stock exchange, protested against war by marching with pictures of lyndon johnson upside down</p>

<p>black panthers
oakland, california, contradictory, huey newton, bobby seale, eldridge cleaver carried unconcealed weapons, demanded a socialist america that would protect all its citizens from violence and poverty, in the meantime, they would protect their community and provide breakfasts for poor black children, their speeches were long harangues</p>

<p>united farm workers
cesar chavez organized mexican migrant workers in california. they formed this union, called for boycotts of grapes and lettuce, also the american indian movement began to obtain equal rights for native americans, they led a protest at the historic site of the wounded knee massacre in 1973</p>

<p>currents in history writing
history discussed in terms of change, conflict historiography, everything no longer turned out for the best, not everyone agreed with the presidents, slavery and the lives of blacks, women, minorities were treated more extensively </p>

<p>music
motown, bob dylan, joan baez was the symbol of the fold revival, bob dylan wrote “like a rolling stone” a description of how hard it is to make choices for yourself when you have no one to take care of you</p>

<p>beatles and the rolling stones
beatles played on ed sullivan show, mick jagger explained that he had named his band the Rolling STones after one of waters’ songs, the stones’ songs had more violence and hostility</p>

<p>classical music of india was brought to india by shankar, psychedelic rock through songs such as “lucy in the sky with diamonds” “purple haze” </p>

<p>monterey and woodstock
out door concer, latter was a concert in which drugs and nudity were prevalent</p>

<p>hippies
readers of eastern philosophies of hinduism, buddhism, zen buddhism, taoism, one with nature-alan watts
timothy leary was the leader, believed that LSD could create teh experience of contentment, “turn on, tune in, drop out” some joined communes, flocked to haight ashbury</p>

<p>summary
a movement culture developed, thousands of people would turn out for demonstrations, young epople were listening to the same music, from dylan to the beatles, from hendrix to the stones, movement lost its steam by the 70s, the draft was ending to only those most committed to radical change were participating in antiwar activities
disco took over</p>

<p>politics and society 1968-1980****</p>

<p>backlash- response of whites to civil rights movement and the urban riots, the formerly solid democratic south started voting republican following the gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and many whites sent their kids to private school, attitudes about african americans taking advantage of affirmative action and welfare became widespread among whites</p>

<p>consciousness raising groups- method employed by feminists in which women would exchange experiences of discrimination, read radical analyses of oppression, develop an understanding that the patriarchal society was causing their lack of advancedment “the personal in political”</p>

<p>pro choice- favors abortion</p>

<p>prolife-opposes abortion</p>

<p>second wave of feminism- first wave was in the 1830s with stanton, anthony, mott
second wave, which advocated same ideas (except suffrage) came in 1960s included friedan, steinem, brownmiller, millet</p>

<p>stagflation- inflation and unemployment</p>

<p>white flight</p>

<p>intro
antiwar movement brought down lbj, made the reporters and congress pursue nixon in watergate
nixon’s anger at the student bums and his adult enemies were motivations for the watergate conspiracies, there was a turn to the right</p>

<p>desegragation of schools
segregation was still a reality, half of children attended segregated schools in the north, in boston a backlack produced an oppositino to busing for racial balance, white flight produced black majorities in the cities, leaving a deteriorating tax base, poor schools, inadequate services</p>

<p>supreme court decisions
new justic was burger, furman v georgia declared death penalty unconstitutional, roe v wade legalized abortion, regents granted teh use of affirmative action</p>

<p>feminism
millet’s sexual politics described the oppression of housewives, friedan’s the feminine mystique lent ammunition to the movement
NOW established, more women as physicians, bus drivers, telephone operators</p>

<p>equal rights amendment
1972, stated that the equality of rights under law shall not be abridged by the united states, only 35 of 38 necessary states passed it</p>

<p>fight over abortion
pro choice won roe v wade on the basis of the fourth amendment right of privacy
pro life opposition claims that abortion was murder, religion viewpoint</p>

<p>environment
first earth day 1970, silent spring by carson, population bomb by ehrlich
these warnings were difference from the call for the preservation for natural beauty and space for recreated advocated by TR
congress passed a clean air act and established the environmental protection agency</p>

<p>economy
nixon new federalism program to reduce the size of the federal government, provided block grants to states, allowing them to decide how money was to be spend, inflation that started as a result of the vietnam war produced high prices and high unemployment, oil embargo by OPEC created an energy crisis</p>

<p>foreign affairs
nixon expert on foreign affiars, excluding vietnam, ping pong diplomacy with china exploited the rift between ussr and china
detente, or a lessening of tensions in teh cold war was to reduce the balance of terror with the ussr and other nuclear powers
antiballistic missile treaty and the strategic arms limitation treaty
israel fought egypt and other arab nations in teh six day war, and the yom kippur war, kissinger did shuttle diplomacy, but not before us support of israel prompted an arab oil embargo</p>

<p>watergate scandal
scheme to create teh biggest win possible in the 1972 election
CREP bugged the offices of the democratic party campaign headquarters in teh watergate hotel
scandal involved hundreds of thousands of dollar sin payoffs for silence, stolen info, planting of false info</p>

<p>nixon and watergate
in the smoking gun tape, nixon ordered the cia to stop an fbi investigation into watergate, nixon claimed that executive privilege permitted him to withhold the tapes, us v nixon-court ruled against the president</p>

<p>nixon and ford
nixon resigned, ford became president, vp agnew resigned, ford pardoned nixon and shocked the country</p>

<p>carter administration
democrat, promised never to lie to the american people, and to cute government spending, deregulated the airline industry, poor ratings</p>

<p>foreign affairs
negotiated the return of the panama canal to panama, biggest triumph was the negotiation of camp david accords-egypt recognized isreal
carter recognized the democratically elected sandinista government of nicaragua and maintained a position on human rights that condemned the ussr for its treatment of dissidents and jews for its invasion of afghanistan</p>

<p>iran hostage crisis- shiite muslims in iran blamed teh us for selling arms to the deposed shah, 52 americans taken hostage, spent 444 days in captivity, released on the day of reagan’s inaguration in 1980</p>

<p>summary
new laws were enacted, accompanied by public discussions of race, gender, government lying, environmental damage, and the dangers of nuclear power, conservatives who were hurt with stagflation fought back hard, ERA defeated, while integration, affirmative action, right ot have an abortion were under attack
carter’s deregulations and nixon’s new federalism were portents of the future</p>

<p>LAST PART!!!=DDDDD</p>

<p>triumph of conservatism 1980-1992</p>

<p>bailouts- supplying government support for corporations when they are in financial trouble
family values- advocated by republicans
gender gap= women more likely to vote democrat
independent counsel- persecutor chosen by three judges to investigate wrongdoing in the executive branch, established after watergate
supply side economics- tax cuts for the rich, money trickles down</p>

<p>intro
reagan was the great communicator and teh teflon president, good ratings, rally for family values, stage set for an assault on liberalism</p>

<p>1980 election
took place during iran hostage crisis, reagan against carter, goerge bush vice president, reagan seemed decisive</p>

<p>reaganomics
supply side economics enocourage the rich to invest their money in new production, create jobs, increase revenue, balance the budget, prosperity of the people at the top of society would trickle down to teh poor
caused national debt to soar, cuts in federal spending left states and cities desperate for money</p>

<p>income disparities
yuppies born not seen since gilded age, business mergers made money for stockholders while creating job losses, large numbers of banks failed after teh real estate market went sour</p>

<p>attack on unions
refused to negotiate with the professional air traffic controllers’ organization, which had gone on strike for better wages and reduced work hours, competition with japan, germany, korea created low wage positions in teh service industry</p>

<p>health and teh environment
AIDS discovered, camapign to reduce druge use</p>

<p>supreme court
scalia to head the supreme court, believe in original intention, a concept claiming that a justice could know the ideas of the constitution framers and had no authority to change these
sandra day o conner first woman justice</p>

<p>foreign policy
greatest triumphs
gorbachev introduced perestroika and glasnot, creating a democratic ferment
reagan welcomed this new openess, reagan called for the star wars middile buildup in space, which forced the ussr to keep pace with american arms buildup</p>

<p>iran contra affair
scandal comparable to watergate
national security counctil developed a scheme to arrange the realease of hostages in lebanon and give aid to communist contras in nicaragua
reagan violated the pledge to not negotiate with terrorists, and the boland amendment</p>

<p>1988 election
george bush called the supply side policies voodoo economics
geraldine ferraro first women vp candidate
bush promised no new taxes, rang with quayle, liberals were now objects of derision
desert storm-saddam forced out of kuwait, new world order proclaimed since communism had fallen</p>

<p>bush legacy
clarence thomas appointed supreme court justice, accused of rape
federal debts increased, had to raise taxes</p>

<p>summary
wide fluctuations in the economy in the age of reagan, rich were voting overwhelmingly for republicans, unemployment high, debt skyrocketed</p>

<p>Are you following REA by any chance… its exactly like it. For example, the quote “we destroyed the village to save it” or maybe it was the APUSH text book. </p>

<p>Anyway, your notes really helped. I just finished reading all of them. There are some stuff in there, which I recognize in the MC practice tests I just took today. If only I read this before taking them xP</p>

<p>I guess I’ll do a short paragraph on Clinton:</p>

<p>What you have to remember about Clinton is that he had two extremes: very good and very bad. For example in the first few months, the Republican congress crushed his health care reforms(run by his wife, Hillary Clinton), and some minor economic packages. But there was some accomplishments such as:</p>

<p>1) NAFTA: this symbollically is the economic equality of America…Canada, mexico, usa with a free trade “zone”.</p>

<p>-Also, the most important thing you have to remember is that Clinton and his administration were responsible not only for running the country smoothly and efficiently, they also had to create a new forgien policy. This is because the cold war ended…and the USA had to figure out how it was gonna work.</p>

<p>Another thing about NAFTA is the increased globalization in the USA. As many of you know today, products are form countries such as Canada, China, etc… Basically usa is importer, not exporter of goods.</p>

<p>Scandals
the whitewater one and the lewinsky one. these made clinton get impeachment but he got acquited like Andrew Johnson in the 1860’s.</p>

<p>I think that about sums it up.</p>

<p>REQUEST:</p>

<p>Can someone please, please answer this:</p>

<p>1) Nixon is responsible for ending the Vietnam war…yes?
2) The counterculture movement in the late 1960’s to early 1970’s was a combo of civil rights and vietnam protestors correct. I don’t really get how students in Berkeley cared about civil rights issues… (This was a MC question I missed in REA).
3) Before American revolution, which meeting was a plan to separate from Britain? I know first and second continental congress was for apologizing, not actually separating(Franklin’s Albany plan failed here for this reason).</p>

<p>I know most of my questions were easy but more than often, its the easy, simple, no-brainer questions that I see other classmates of mine miss. Any response to questions is helpful thanks :)</p>

<p>nahh these aren’t from the crash course
it’s from the kapan’s SAT 2 subject test in us history, i’m using it because it’s really easy to understand and it has really good reviews =]</p>

<p>now i’m gonna start at colonial times and go to 1900s yay</p>

<p>Well, its very, very close to the text book… I just checked. I think ill write notes for colonial times too… I took diagnostic from sparknotes for the SAT 2 and I have a red mark in this area. So maybe it will help me…</p>

<p>I encourage everyone to go take that practice test in sparknotes… its helpful not so much for review… just to find your weak spots. It is very broad too.</p>

<p>1) Nixon pursued d</p>

<p>Sorry I meant in the second question:</p>

<p>Was the counterculture movement civilrights + opposition to Vietnam or just opposition to Vietnam? Or better yet, what was the counterculture movement?</p>

<p>1) Nixon is responsible for ending the Vietnam war…yes?</p>

<p>Actually Nixon barely helped with ending the war, especially with his ^aforementioned bombing of cambodia- Henry Kissinger was actually the one to organize and declare the end to the Vietnam war. Nixon’s legacy with the vietnam war is, as a matter of fact, terrible.
I think it was during Bill Clinton’s administration when friendly talks were held with vietnam? correct me if i’m wrong.</p>

<p>2) The counterculture movement in the late 1960’s to early 1970’s was a combo of civil rights and vietnam protestors correct. I don’t really get how students in Berkeley cared about civil rights issues… (This was a MC question I missed in REA).</p>

<p>The counterculture movement wasn’t just associated with the students from UC Berkeley, it was a very broad movement. It was largely the New Left aka. free speech movement - youth activists that advocated against the war and were just veryyyyy liberal. New left groups include: SDS (students for a democratic society) – they preached anti-materialism, anti-miltarism, pacifism and anti-racism. Their group was largely inspired by black activists… So that is how they relate to the civil rights movement.</p>

<p>3) Before American revolution, which meeting was a plan to separate from Britain? I know first and second continental congress was for apologizing, not actually separating(Franklin’s Albany plan failed here for this reason).</p>

<p>According to wikipedia: “The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved slowly towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.[1] With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1781, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation”</p>

<p>pigs<em>at</em>sea! I was just reading the same book! No wonder why I found your notes sooo familiar. You have the 2009 book right? I took the practice test at the end and got a 720!!! The notes from kaplan are great but I think they might be a bit too simple for the actual AP exam because the questions are so in depth :frowning: what do you think?</p>

<p>(i am skipping the age of exploration, it’s not that significant just as post 1990s)</p>

<p>***the colonial period 1600-1700</p>

<p>headright system- land policy developed in virginia and maryland designed to encourage settlement in the new world, promised 50 acres to any person who paid his own passage, indentured servants were brought this way</p>

<p>indentured servants- person entered into a contract for a specified period of time with another in exchange for the payment of his or her passage to the new world</p>

<p>joint stock company- developed in england wherein a group of investors pooled tehir money to fiinance exploration of the new world, the investor would receive a portion of the profits based on the number of shares</p>

<p>patroonship= large, plantation style farm established by the dutch </p>

<p>primogeniture- granting the firstborn son teh right to inheritence</p>

<p>proprietary colony- settled by investors, governor chose by properitors</p>

<p>royal colony- controlled by the king</p>

<p>salutary neglect- british policy of 17th century in which they were lax in teh enforcement of laws, after the french and indian war, this changed</p>

<p>self governing colony- self governing (duh) lol</p>

<p>theocracy- government in which the religious leaders rule, a church state</p>

<p>intro
defeate of spanish armada by the british marked the beginning of the decline of spain as a world power, sparked a feeling of nationalism within england
british population had been steadily increasing, creating widespread economic hardships, new world presented a greater opportunity to acquire land and wealth
movement of ecnlosign land for sheep grazing, many farmers became tenants, working the land for landlords. for these tenant farmers, the new world offered them economic relief and teh possibility of owning their own land
an economic depression in the wool industry in england led to overcrowding of the cities
british difficulties with the irish ended
primogeniture encouraged many young men to seek their fortunes in teh new world
british sought markets
protestand reformation led people to the new world in search of religious freedom</p>

<p>early colonial settlements
proprietary colony, royal colony or a self governing colony</p>

<p>jamestown
1607 virginia company, a joint stock company received a charter from james I to settle the new world, most were single men seeking gold, faced disease, malnutrition, starvation, captain john smith saved them, hostility between indians and settlers diminished through pocahantas
anglo powhatan war in 1922, powhatans treated harshly by the english, lost land, segreated from white population</p>

<p>plymouth colony
separatists puritans wanted to practice their religion without the threate of james I, mayflower, mayflower compact signed, william bradford became governor
plymouth was a thriving community, decent relationship with natives, wampanoag indians befriended the new england colonists with teh help of squanto</p>

<p>southern colonies</p>

<p>virginia
grew out of jamestown, warm, fertile soil, leading producer of tobacco, one crop economy
headright system for labor because growing tobacco was labor intensive
1676, group of freedmen led by bacon protested native american policies of governer Berkeley. they feld taht he was too lenient toward the indiands. the colonists began to turn to slaves for labor needs. bacon’s rebellion turned teh tide toward large scale slavery in virginia</p>

<p>african slavery mostly in barbados, developed slowly in english colonies, virginia imported slaves from the west indies
virginia house of burgesses organized in 1619 to run government</p>

<p>maryland
lord baltimore, proprietary colony, catholic haven, headright system
many protestants arrived, maryland act of toleration was bassed, offering religious toleration to all christains, denied freedom to jews and athiests</p>

<p>carolina
proprietary colony for supplying food to sugar plantations in barbados and silk, wine and olive oil to england, humid climate
rice cash crop, indigo
barbados slave codes established, placed the salve under the control of the master, became basis of property slavery</p>

<p>north carolina
large plantations, movement of smaller farmers northward led to establishment of north carolina
irreligious, defiant, rugged mountain terrian, small farms, less need for slave labor</p>

<p>georgia
las english colony, oglethorpe sought to create a refuge for imprisoned debtors, used also as a defenseive buffer from teh spanish and french, religious toleration to all except for catholics</p>

<p>new england colonies
growth in education, thrivign economies, less demand for slavery</p>

<p>massachusetts bay colony - “bible commonwealth” founded by puritans, royal charter, great migration, 70000 people left england for the new world
john winthrop established a theocracy, calvinist church, only saints allowed membership
protestant work ethic, anne hutchinson was banished when she challenged the belief that a holy life was a sign of salvation
supersitious, salem witch trials, class differences</p>

<p>rhode island
roger williams banished from massachusetts bay because he wanted separation of church and state, manhood suffrage
known for is freedom of opportunity and separation of church and state, ironically, they became the leading importers of african slaves</p>

<p>connecticut
hartford, new haven, hooker, fundamental orders of connecticut became the first written consitution in the new world, blue laws dictated how people shoudl behave</p>

<p>new hampshire
royal charter, later absorbed by mass bay colony, fishing, shipbuilding, fur trade</p>

<p>new england and unity
new england confederation
pequot indians attacked settlers along connecticut river, english slaughtered the pequots
new england confederation esbliashed a colonia defence against indians, dutch, french
indians tried to unify under metacom</p>

<p>dominion of new england
made by british crown, led by andros, restricted town meetings, controlled courts, press, schools, navigation acts, taxed
william and mary implemented salutar neglect, dominion collapsed</p>

<p>middle colonies
characteristics of new england and south</p>

<p>new york
dutch wes india company, new netherlands, patroonships, cosmopolitan area, duke of york given this land by charles II</p>

<p>pennsylvaia
quakers, pacifism, william penn, friendly relationship with indians due to compensatory land policies, philadelphia was the city of brotherly love</p>

<p>new jersey
duke of york granted an area of new york to two properietors, sold to quakers</p>

<p>delaware
three counties, founded by swedes</p>

<p>summary
geographical conditions, motivations for settlemetn, religious values contributed to teh variety of political, social, economic developments in the colonies, as intercolonial trade developed and the briths implemented a policy of salutary neglect, foudnation for the future conflicts between england and teh colonies began to form
major crops in the southern colonies were sold as exports</p>

<p>American discovery to 1750’s.</p>

<p>Quick facts=</p>

<p>1)Spain was the first, permanent settler of America.
2)Portugal had routine voyages around the world, but not so much to America.
3)The first settlement is St.Augustine, Florida
4)[I know but people still don’t know this] Columbus represented Spain, not England!</p>

<p>--------- 1600+
England is now top because they defeat Spanish armada!
5) First english permanet settlement is Jamestown in Virginia.
6) Joint-stock companies with the king’s approval financed trips to New world.(ie. thru indentured servitude)</p>

<p>JAMESTOWN:
Failed at first because of wealthy people not doing work. John Smith made them work by saying no food for those who didn’t!</p>

<p>CONTRACTS/POLITICS in settlements:
Plymouth signed mayflower compact, which said colonial self-government with majority rule!</p>

<p>Jamestown with Virginia company House of Burgesses is a representative government!</p>

<h2>Massachusetts had strict Puritan church with a representative assembly.</h2>

<p>COLONIES</p>

<p>Types:
Corporate colonies were joint-stock funded. Royal colonies had governor by the king. Proprietary colony(Maryland,Penn.) is individual rule.</p>

<p>Maryland = propierty colony, Act of Toleration was to avoid fight between Protestant and Catholic.</p>

<p>Virginia= royal colony, had tobacco, Bacon’s Rebellion was fight against the large planters.</p>

<p>These two colonies are chesapeake… they had low birth rate cause imbalance between sexes and high death rate cause of disease. </p>

<p>New England colonies:</p>

<p>1) Massachusetts= proprietary colony, Puritan were strict ruling</p>

<p>2) Rhode Island = from Roger Williams, any religion is accepted</p>

<p>3) Connecticut= Boston Puritans who wrote first constitution called Fundamental Orders of Connecticut…representative govern.</p>

<p>4) New Hamp.= royal colony… </p>

<p>Halfway Covenant= lax rules on church membership etc. in Puritan society.</p>

<p>King Philip War= indian rebellion… new england won</p>

<p>Southern colonies:</p>

<p>1) Carolina= propierty colony to the nobles
===== Southern carolina is all farmers
====== Northern carolina is all the harbors and industry</p>

<p>2) Georgia= prison refuge for Britain people who didn’t pay their debts.</p>

<p>Other colonies:</p>

<p>1)New york: propierty colony ==> later became represetative government [Duke of York had this charter]</p>

<p>2)Penn. and Delaware: full of quakers , willian penn got charter to Penn.
== Holy Experiment… religious refuge for quakers
----Delaware is a branch of Pennsylvania with almost same policies.</p>

<p>=================================================================</p>

<p>ECONOMY and Salturary Neglect…</p>

<p>Merchantilism is when the colonies basically gave all supplies to Britain(mother country). There are a lot of acts you should remember… there is almost always 5 indirect or direct questions on acts.</p>

<p>1) Navigation Act = New England profited from shipbuilding, Chesepeake from tobacoo, and protection from the British. BAD THINGS = colonial merchants had losses, farmers had low prices for crops. Colonists got around this ACT by SMUGGLING cause of neglect!</p>

<p>2) Traingular Trade and slavery: Indendured slavery sucked big time… not enough people so this is what Britain did:</p>

<p>Britian gives manufactures goods to USA, USA gives tobaccoo, fur, etc to Britian. USA gives rum to africa, Africa gives gold and slaves. Slaves sent to WEst Indies and some slaves+sugar sent to USA.</p>

<p>====================</p>

<p>The great awakening: jonathan edwards(sinners at angry god speech), george whitefield(preaching a lot around colonies). Religious impact was that sinners could still be saved, theocracy in Mass. lost a lot of power cause of this. EDUCATION: Ivy leagues created to educate Great Awakening preachers.</p>

<p>New lights… those who practices awakening tops. Old lights are those who did not.</p>

<p>===========================</p>

<p>French and Indian War:
Who was in it?</p>

<p>France and Indians vs. Britian and colonies.</p>

<p>Causes of war:
french built forts in ohio river valley, and stoped westward movement</p>

<p>ALBANY PLAN OFUNIOn made by Franklin…rejected by continental congress! VERY IMPORTANT: The political cartoon of the quote "Join or Die’’ represents this plan, not the American revolution!</p>

<p>British won, America gets valuable war experience(George Washington).</p>

<p>Effects of war:
Britain is very poor, saltury neglect > enforcement of navigation laws.</p>

<p>Proclamation of 1763: no westward expansion. Quebec Act of 1770’s: defeats purpose of the French and Indian War…colonists very angry.</p>

<p>More soon to come :]…</p>

<h2>1763-early 1800’s l</h2>

<p>Summary:
Britain begins its process of interfering economically into the colonies. This results in the American Revolution in which the colonies are the winners. For the next 15 years, the thirteen colonies struggle to unite. The failing Articles of ConFideration calls for a new Constitution filled with compromises to please the different interests of all the states. George Washington’s term in office becomes the “breeding ground” of the two new political parties by Hamilton and Jefferson due to different interp. on the Constitution.</p>

<hr>

<p>British Actions:

  1. Sugar Act= enforced act…those caught smuggling went to admiralty courts.
    VERY IMPORTANT= these courts were biased toward the king’s interests.</p>

<p>2)Quartering Act=soldiers could be inside the colonists home for shelter and food</p>

<p>3) Stamp Act= Lord Grenville made this to increase revenue. First act which directly cost the colonists. Previously, it costs the merchants…
<em>></em>><em>></em>>*> Stamp Act fight! Stamp Act Congress was very united… Sons and Daughter of Liberty Established! boycotts etc.</p>

<p>4) Declaratory ACt = said bRitian had right to tax anything… </p>

<p>5) Townshent Acts = new duties on tea, glass and paper…and also writs of assitance(search without warrant)
<em>></em>><em>></em>>*> Fight! Letters from a Farmer in Penn. by John Dickinson(good stuff to put in DBQ :)). No taxation without representation is coined in those letters.</p>

<p>AFTER BOSTONTEA PARTY and Boston Masscre:</p>

<p>6) Intolerable Act(also called Boston Port act, Coercive ACt): closed boston , climax of the american anger basically.</p>

<hr>

<p>Meetings by the Founding Fathers:</p>

<h1>1) First Continental Congress = protest parliment, but allegience to king</h1>

<p>FIGHTING STARTS: LEXINGTON AND CONCORD</p>

<p>[I’m gonna skip all the fighting, you can read those… cause military history is not as tested in APush exam].</p>

<h1>ONE IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER: The battle of Saratoga is when American got support from the French!</h1>

<p>2) Second Continental Congress= congress decides to declare independence
=1775 Olive Branch Petition(allegience to king, but not to parliament).</p>

<p>3) Thomas Paine’s Common Sense: listed logical reasons for independence.</p>

<p>4) Declaration of Independence= changed the war from a fight against Britian to a fight for freedom.</p>

<p>Loyalists were 30 percent of population, 2/3rds of colonists didn’t want independence.</p>

<hr>

<p>Fighting over, government implementation.</p>

<p>Articles of Confideration:
pro-
-land ordinances
con-
-no power to tax
-weak federal govern.

  • no unity between colonies
    -forgein policy issue</p>

<p>To solve this, Annapolis Convention decides to make Constitution!
The meeting at Philidelphia were stuck between several issues:

  1. representation
    large state plan(Virginia Plan by Madison)
    small state plan(New Jersey Plan by (William Patterson)
  2. slavery
    3/5ths plan
    slave trade banned in 1808.</p>

<p>THE BILL OF RIGHTS:
Anti-federalist wanted it, federalists didnt.</p>

<p>FEDERALIST PAPERS:
proganda for the constitution</p>

<p>George Washington Administration:
VP is John Adams, SoS is Jefferson, Sec. of Treasury is Hamilton.
Hamilton was a loose constitution reader, Jefferson was a strict one. They both dissagree on the establishment clause and had issues over the US Bank.</p>

<p>Forgien affairs:
French revolution… washington said american is neutral
Citizen genet( he came to america and wanted to get support of americans to help the french)
jay treaty= negotiation for impressionment of american seaman
pinckney treaty= new orleans open for usa, florida north boundary set.</p>

<p>WHISKEY rebellion:
washington sent troops to collapse the rebellion(said national government could hold up the law of the land)</p>

<p>Washington’s farewell address=</p>

<p>NO FORGEIN ENTANGLEMENTS :)</p>

<h2>Antebellum Era Part 1: l</h2>

<p>Election of 1796:
Federalist candidate= John Adams
Anti-fed candidate= Jefferson
OUTCOME = Adams as P and Jefferson as VP</p>

<p>XYZ Affair:
French minister tellyrand wanted bribes for american diplomats to meet with him. Adams was furious but he did not go to war.</p>

<p>The Alien and Sedition Act: alien act was president could deport aliens in war-time…sedition act made it illegal for newspapers to say bad things about the Congress and president</p>

<p>THE PURPOSE: to control the Democratic Republicans(whose voters were immigrants).</p>

<p>Kentucky and Virginia resolutions:
state was in contract with govern., if state thinks law is unconsitutional, then the law is gone from that state. [Anti-fed. law by jefferson]</p>

<p>===============
Election of 1800:
Federalists lost popularity(their high taxes)…</p>

<p>Antifed candidates were jefferson and aaron burr.(Hamilton urges vote goes to Burr)</p>

<p>IMPORTANT: This election is first peaceful transfer of power between two different parties!</p>

<p>Jefferson policy: keep national bank by hamilton, neutrality by Washington, and limited central government… so it was a effort to gain support from the entire nation.</p>

<p>The louisinana purchase:
doubled the size of the usa(bought from napoleon of france) by establishing that president can buy land through his treaty powers.</p>

<p>Jefferson and judiciary:
The last federalist “stronghold” was in the Judiciary, therefore they could still play a large role in the national government. Jefferson tried a number of ways to impeach all of the judges but in the end, the Judiciary remained intact.
John Marshall= marbury v. madison = judicial review(sacrificed appointment of marbury to get a checks and balances power)</p>

<p>=======
1804 election-1808:</p>

<h1>Jefferson wins in 1804, Hamilton v Burr duel, American embargo act of 1807(prohibited trade foreign countries)</h1>

<p>Madison: he took usa into war.
1812 war
causes:

  1. free seas and trade wanted by usa
  2. war hawks had influence in congress[war hawks were from west]
  3. frontier pressure </p>

<p>important=andrew jackson became famous here in the south</p>

<p>Treaty of Ghent= halt to fighting, usa wins</p>

<h1>important!: hartford convention killed the federalist party</h1>

<p>monroe in 1816:
era of good feelings, monroe doctrine=european expansion in america is an act of aggression, tariff of 1816(first protective tariff ever…), Clay’s american system(protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements, panic of 1819(tightned credit by us bank.</p>

<p>national economy:
industrial, transport(turn pike roads, canals, railroads, steamboats).</p>

<p>Industrial growth for these reasons:

  1. new inventions from Eli Whitney(cause of the textile industry)
  2. factory system
  3. easy labor from immigrants(1850+) pre 1850+ was farm women(lowell mill) and men.</p>

<p>South:
COTTON IS KING! Social class were the plantation owners at top, normal white farmers in middle(w.o slaves), and lowest was ****ty poor whites.</p>

<p>Extra info and facts:

  1. westward expansion into the northwest was due to mechanical reapor, lots of land, new trading cities
  2. the surge of immigration was due to germans and irish coming to america for economic oppurtunity.</p>

<p>=============
AGE OFJACKSON:
prejackson… “corrupt bargain” from clay and john quincy adams in the house of representatives.</p>

<p>Jackson era was from 1824-1844(era of common man):
characteristics were universal male suffrage, party conventions, two or three party systems, SPOILS SYSTEM</p>

<p>Jackson administration:
he was a war hero, represented the common man, very anti-federalist.</p>

<p>Indian removal act:
trail of tears, judiciarcy declared the act unconstitutional</p>

<p>Tariff of Abominations:
Force Act by Jackson to force South Carolina to bay the tariff cost.</p>

<p>Bank WAR!:
jackson thought bank was unconstitutional. He put money into pet banks(WHIG PARTY established cause they thought jackson was KIng Andrew I). Specie Circular>caused panic of 1837.</p>

<p>=====
1836 election:
van buren won cause whigs split their own votes among three candidates</p>

<h1>van buren had to deal with panic of 1837…but he couldnt.</h1>

<p>1840 election:</p>

<h1>harrison died, tyler became president(but he didn’t follow whig policies)</h1>

<p>ANTEBELLUM REFORMS! (there is almost always questions on the reformers, it is worth noting women’s right movement took root here)</p>

<p>1) Religion and the Second Great Awakening.
-faith and hardwork will make a good life for anyone.
2) Utopian society
-Shakers rejected sex
-Oneida was about free love
-Mormons=everyone was equal, class relations minimized, settled in Utah
3) Trancendentalists supported reforms such as anti-slavery movement.
-all about individuality and god in nature, materialism is fake, wealth isnt important, quality of life
4) Art=
-paintings were about nature(hudson river school)
-architecture was greek based
-Lit. was very American(like the west, culture etc.)
5) Temperance movement
-started by ministers and women, opposed by immigrants
6) mental hospital
-Dorothea dix
7) education
-public school were free, education was changed from memorization>morality based learned
8) women’s right movement
-cult of domesticity(men at work, women at home)
-Seneca Falls Convention… “All men AND WOMEN are equal”
9) Antislavery movement
-WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON WANTED COMPLETE abolition of slavery! he started the liberty party…
-south thought north was rebelling against the southern way of life.</p>

<p>More to come(Antebellum pt 2)</p>

<p>Antebellum Part 2: </p>

<h2>Focus on territorial expansion & slavery.</h2>

<p>Manifest Destiny by O’ Sullivan:
America was chosen by god to expand from coast to coast.</p>

<p>Prelude to Mexican War:

  1. Texas: populated by Southern farmers
    -Mexico outlawed slavery, thus farmers did not have a cheap labor source.
    -Mexico changed governments to General Antonio, a dictator.</p>

<p>Boundary disputes:

  1. Oregon - election of 1844 democratic slogan was fifty four forty or fight!
  2. Maine - Webster-Ashburton Treaty set the boundary.</p>

<p>Polk and the Mexican War:
mexican war was caused by:

  1. usa wanted california annd new mexico territory
    2)mexico-texas border issue</p>

<p>End of Mexican War:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo= set texas boundary and gave huge territory to usa.</p>

<p>Wilmot Proviso:
no slavery in mexico territory, reaction= defeated in Senate by Southern Democrats.</p>

<p>1840-1855
LOTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH! (telegraph, efficient factories, canal building)</p>

<p>=============================================================
Prelude to CIVIL WAR:</p>

<p>The parties:

  1. Democrats= supported slavery
  2. Whigs>Republicans= didnt want expansion of slavery
  3. Free-soil party= composed of Northern Democrats and whigs… complete abolition</p>

<p>The compromise of 1850:</p>

<p>1) California is free state
2) Mexican cession territory is open to popular sovreignity
3) new Fugitive Slave Law
-Response came from Uncle Tom’s Cabin from Harriet Beecher Stowe</p>

<p>Election of 1848:
Taylor, a whig, won on a platform of no slavery into the territories.</p>

<p>Election of 1852:
franklin pearce won cause he supported fugitive slave law
-Kansas Nebraska Act(1854):
articulated by Stephen Douglas, this act proposed that the Nebraska territory of Kansas and Nebraska be open to popular sovreignity.</p>

<p>Bleeding kansas: caused by pro-slavery and anti-slavery group fighting.</p>

<p>Whig party gone > Know nothing party + Republican Party.
-Election of 1856: Republican party was a major national party.
Democratic candiate Buchanan won: He chose to ignore slavery expansion.</p>

<p>JUDICIARY gets INVOLVED!:
Dred Scott v. Sandford.
Justice taney said all slaves are merely property and do not have the right to sue, missouri compromise is unconstitutional, and congress couldn’t restrict expansion of slavery.</p>

<p>LD Debates:</p>

<p>These debates were by Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat(not the presidential election!.. debates for president election was set by kennedy and nixon).</p>

<p>Douglas alienated the South by not supporting Dred Scott decision. Lincoln became national hero because he thought slavery was a moral issue.</p>

<hr>

<p>Most important thing: Why was the election of 1860 considered to the breaking point?</p>

<p>1) Republicans had majority in congress, which was alarming to Southerners.
2) Tariffs from Republicans did not support the South.
3) John Brown’s raid was frightning to the South because their worst fear of slave uprising came true.</p>

<p>Election of 1860:
Democrats held two conventions with two different presidential nominations.
Republicans nominated Lincoln.</p>

<p>Outcome:
Lincoln wins and South carolina immediately secedes.</p>

<p>Crittenden Compromise was made when Buchanan was president-elect. The compromise was an offer to make the missouri compromise a constitutional amendment. Offer was rejected by South.</p>

<p>Civil War begins with Fort Sumter.</p>

<p>More soon to come :)</p>

<p>haha so many notes!!!</p>

<p>colonial society 1700s
democracy- a system of government in which the power to rule comes from the people
direct democracy- people vote on the actions of the government rather than electing reps
social mobility- ability of people to move within the social framework of a society
universal suffrage- condition when all adults in a democracy are granted the right to vote</p>

<p>intro
1750 new colonists, non british immigrants created diversity, other groups included scots irish, germans, irish, scottish, welsh, dutch, french, african slaves were highest number of immigrants
salutary neglect practiced after william and mary ascended left the colonists free to develop in their own style</p>

<p>colonial society by 1750
definite class structure
socially mobile society, slaves, blacks and women were not included</p>

<p>role of clergy and tradition
westward, influence of religion dimished
religious revival 1730s to 1740s great awakening began in massachusetts, edwards’ sinners in teh hands of an angry god, george whitefield
diminished teh role of the anglican clergy, who split into the old lights and the new lights
led to new religions
led to new light universities such as princeton, brown, rutgers, dartmouth
brought american theology to europe through the teaching of edwards
involved all areas of the american colonies</p>

<p>slavery
1619 first brought to thte colonies, middle passage across the atlantic ocean was harsh
triangular trade, molasses and sugar from west indies to northern colonies, rum sold in west africa in exchange for slaves
rhode island became the largest trader of slaves, although it had little need for them</p>

<p>development of industry
90 percent agriculture, growth of cities such as boston, new york, charles town
spinning, weaving, lumbering, naval stores
colonists looked to trade with other countries, british tried to control commerce</p>

<p>political development
colonial asemblies, colonies enjoyed the power of the purse, the governors were paid by the colonists, town meeting in new england was direct democracy
peter zenger, the publisher of a newspaper that criticized the government of new york, was arrested for libel, not guilty, freedom of the press, royal judges had opposing opinions</p>

<p>education and colture
boys mostly, colleges trained ministers, ben franklin published his poor richard’s almanac</p>

<p>french and indian war 1754-1763
seven years war erupted between france and england
resulted in france’s removal from canada
french captured washington
ben franklin proposed the albany plan of union to ward off the french threat, designed as a defensive union for the colonists to ward off the french threat, plan was to allow the colonists to raise money from taxes fortheir defense and to deal with the indian problems and settlement of western lands
it was rejected by many colonies which balked at giving up control of western lands</p>

<p>1763 treaty of paris
england received india and all of the land in north america east of the mississippi
french threat had been removed, spain was stripped of florida</p>

<p>results
with the french threat gone, the colonists were eager to settle new lands across teh appaclachian mountains, this led to problems with indians
pontiac led an attack against british posts in teh ohio valley
to avoid problems with indians, the british government passed the proclamation of 1763, prohibiting colonists from settling land beyond the appalachian mountains and required those settlers there to already leave, colonists were furious
colonists found they shared common interests and goals
british’s significant struggle with the french proved it was possible to defeat them
british treasury was depleted, and england was looking to the colonies to share some of the burden, colonists felt no obligation
valuable military experience was gained by the colonists</p>

<p>summary
colonies emerged as self reliant, independent minded entities whose people enjoyed the freedoms taht distance provided
change in teh realtionship between england and colonies, increased involvement of british in colonial affairs led to teh events that culminated in teh american revolution</p>

<p>Civil War to end of Reconstruction:</p>

<p>Well here it is…</p>

<p>====================================================================
CIVIL WAR:
Merely months after Lincoln’s inauguration, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter, thereby ruining their chances to apologize and come back into the Union. Furious, Lincoln called for a hundred thousand volunteers to fight the Confederacy. After the Union and Confederacy clashed for a few weeks, the Upper South seceded from the Union because they felt closer now, more than ever, to the South.
In order to keep the border states of Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, and Delaware in the Union, Lincoln respected the states’ decisions to be neutral in the conflict. Most importantly, the emancipation of slaves was postponed to a later date to prevent the alienation of Unionists. The South broke the border states’ neutrality by moving into their lands. The anger of the border states’ toward the South ensured they still remained in the Union.</p>

<p>THE FIGHTING:
Tips: Although its not neccesary to know every single battle in the Civil War, a indepth knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the Union and Confed. is required. I’ll summarize the important battles below in chronological order.</p>

<p>ADV and DISADV of Union:

  • Union had a lot of industry, which raised money for the war.
  • Union had a large number of men to use in the war.
  • Union did not have a lot of food supplies, but this was solved with exports.</p>

<p>ADV and DISADV of Confederacy:

  • Contrary to popular belief, the CSA had a lot of weapons.
  • They had capable military leaders
  • They did not have ways to make money. Their dependence on cotton turned out to be a weakness when the Union organized a naval blockade.</p>

<h1>- Their refusal to use slaves as soldiers limited the number of men which could be used in the war.</h1>

<p>IMPORTANT:
Much of the Civil War could be thought as an experiment by Lincoln. He kept trying military leaders but all proved incapable. He finally settled on General Grant, who in 1864 was made General of the North and South campaign.</p>

<p>Why was General Grant the “chosen one”. He never stopped being merciful to the CSA army. The generals before him let the CSA flee but he never stopped pursuing them.</p>

<p>IMPORTANT BATTLES:

  1. First Battle of Bull run: this was gonna be a long war(union lost)
  2. Antietam: Lee lost when he tried to invade the Union capital. [many deaths on both sides]
  3. Vicksburg= war turned towards the Union [this battle was organized by General Grant in 1863]
  4. Gettysburg= Lee invaded Penn., lost horribly.
  5. Sherman’s march= example of total war, where innocent civilians are considered to be enemies. IMPORTANT: important battle because it was a psychological move to get the small farmers in the CSA oppose the war.</p>

<p>Emancipation Proclamation:
abolished slavery in the CSA. It turned a war against rebellion and secession into a war to eradicate the immoral slavery from the USA.</p>

<p>How did the North finance the war?
The north began to sell government bonds, which raised revenues exceeding 2 billion dollars. Also, they increased the tariffs and implemented the first income tax to raise revenue. Lastly, the treasury began to print Greenbacks, which could not be redeemed in gold.</p>

<p>IMPORTANTACTS by Congress:
I think it is worth noting that Congress during the civil war was one of the most productive because of little to no opposition.</p>

<p>1)Homestead Act: gave free land to populate the Great Plains.
2)Morrill tariff act= tariff rates increased to get greater revenue[ this tariff was the one that said Republicans were business friendly]
3)Pacific railway Act= building the transcontinental railroad</p>

<p>END OF WAR!</p>

<p>====================================================================
RECONSTRUCTION:
Ironically, the reconstruction policies implemented by Lincoln maintained that the CSA never left the union due to its unconstitutionality. </p>

<p>Lincoln’s policies are straightforward and had little changes in the political structure of the South:

  1. 10 percent plan stated that CSA states must get 10 percent of population to take loyalty oath.</p>

<br>

<br>

<p>Johnson’s reconstruction policies mirrored Lincoln’s but gradually became more radical:

  1. He made a similar 10 percent plan but stripped former leaders of their powers. The problem was that he created a loophole for the wealthy farmers who could pay money for a presidential pardon.
  2. He vetoed an improved freedman’s bureau and a proposal to nullify the black codes.</p>

<p>Thirteenth Amendment= slavery is abolished in the USA.</p>

<p>SECOND PHASE OF RECONSTRUCTION:
Background:
Rifts in the Republican Party=
Moderates were concerned about economic effects on the middle class while radicals wanted to get civil rights for blacks. After Johnson Reconstruction, the Republican Party was united for a short time to enact their own piece of Reconstruction.</p>

<p>Congress Reconstruction=

  1. Civil Rights Act of 1866 made all blacks a citizen of the US(which repealed the dred scott decision).
  2. Fourteen Amendment forced states to protect the rights of citizens(forced the south to provide places for blacks to vote)
    -CSA political leaders could not hold office
    -the debts of the CSA were revoked
  3. Reconstruction Act of 1867= a very radical move in which south was split into military districts.
  4. tenure of office act= president had to get congress approval for discharging a cabinet member(protected radical republicans in cabinet)
    == This led to Johnson’s impeachment in 1868, thereby putting all federal power in the Congress for the time being.</p>

<p>Election of 1868:
Former-General Grant won.
Grant Reconstruction:</p>

<p>The congress took over reconstruction; fifteenth amendment=states could not deny citizens the vote on the basis of color, race, etc.; civil rights act of 1875=integration, not segregation in public places(this failed due to poor enforcement).</p>

<p>Southern government:
“Scalawags”= southern republicans
“carpetbaggers”=northern politicians who had power in the South
Many African American politicians were elected during this time.</p>

<p>Southern society and treatment of blacks:
The black codes and the sharecropping system returned the society and economy of South back to where it was. The black codes was implemented by white supremacists. The sharecropping system left the blacks in a “cycle of debt”. Many African Americans moved to the North(Harlem section in New York).</p>

<p>SCANDALS IN GRANT government:
Grant was innocent, his friends werent.

  1. Roscoe conklin abused spoils system.
  2. credit mobiler affair=corrupt men gave stock to congress to keep quiet about them taking government grants, which was going to the transcontinental railroad.
  3. whiskey ring= govern. revenue agents made deal with liquor industry to fraud the govern. of millions of dollars of tax money.
  4. tweed= gave help to immigrants in exchange for political support;grafting</p>

<p>Election of 1872: </p>

<h2>Grant won again and faced the panic of 1873(caused by overspeculation and overbuilding), where he sided with the hard-money people.(this made him loose support of farmers and other debtors who wanted easy money)</h2>

<p>THIRD WAVE OF RECONSTRUCTION: led by southern conservatives who wanted the “old life” back. Radical Republicans lost power because of the panic of 1873 and recent scandals.</p>

<h2>Ku klux klan= secret society created to intimidate blacks and reformers.</h2>

<p>ELECTION of 1876:
The republicans wanted to nominate someone who was untouched by scandal. They settled on Rutherford B. Hayes. The democrats expected a easy win and nominated Samuel J. Tilden(who got rid of boss tweed).
Outcome: Tilden was one electoral vote short of the presidency.</p>

<p>Compromise of 1877:

  1. end of reconstruction
  2. hayes becomes president</p>

<p>american war for independence</p>

<p>intro
englsh colonies began the process of severing their ties with england
foundating fathers proceeded to draft a formal declaration of independence
british practice of mercantilism infuriated the colonists</p>

<p>protest
conflict revolved around political power and taxation
john locke had ideas of government that dealt with popular consent and limitation of power
colonists believed they had certain basic rights as englishmen
brits argued that colonists were represented by virtual representation
colonists desired actual representation</p>

<p>planters and merchants wre upset with economic restraints, mercantile system, colony existed for the good of the mother country
restrictions on trade that hurt colonia business</p>

<p>social discontent, nonproperties class and poorer groups viewed revolution as a way to acquire more land and a greater say in government
immigrants had no loyalty to british crown
national consciousness</p>

<p>british action and control
1651 navigation acts restricted colonial trade, forbidden to export to any country other than england
molasses act taxed molasses, colonists smuggled</p>

<p>goerge III wanted greater control over colonies</p>

<p>under grenville, teh sugar act passed, placing a tax on sugar, molasses, taxtiles, coffee, iron and other goods imported tot he colonies, british began to enforce the laws
currency act forbade colonies from issuing their own paper money</p>

<p>quartering act passed by which the colonists were directed to provide barracks and supplies for british troops</p>

<p>stamp act 1765, dierct tax, colonists issued that declaration of rights and grievances, asserted that british should not try colonial cases is admiralty courts</p>

<p>stand act congress met “taxation without representation is tyranny” enacted a non importation agreement, a boycott of british goods
sons of liberty were formed to disseminate information
british repealed the stamp act, then passed the declatory act</p>

<p>townshend acts= tax on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea, colonists were enraged and refused to pay the tax</p>

<p>boston smuggled tea into the city
british issued the writes of assistance which allowed for search of colonia homes, boston massacre</p>

<p>townshend acts repealed on items except for tea</p>

<p>colonists formed committees of correspondence to spread propaganda</p>

<p>tea act was an agreement between the british and the east india company that allowed the latter to sell tea directly to the colonies, price of tea was reduced, colonial tea merchants bankrupt
boston tea party boycott tea, dump into boston harbor</p>

<p>resulted in the intolerable acts- closing of boston harbor, suspension of town meetings in mass, suspension of the charter of mass, quartering, trials of british officials to take place in england, placement of general gage to enforce laws</p>

<p>quebec act- guaranteed the french in canada religious freedom</p>

<p>first continental congress in philadelphia to dtermine teh response by the colonies</p>

<p>brits attacked lexington and concord in 1775 </p>

<p>second continental congress convened, thomas paine wrote common sense, in which he argued that the colonies were destined to be independent </p>

<p>declaration of independence***
thomas jefferson, ben franklin, john adams, livingston, sherman
borrowed from ideas of john locke and the enlightenment
government obtained its power from the consent of the governed, and that when it failed to exercise the willl of the people, the people had right to overthrow it
list of grievances against george III was issued</p>

<p>war of independence
colonies entered this war without a military, navy, soldiers, had a home advantage and a cause
gorge washington was commander, battle of saratoga american victory convinced the french to give recognition to the colonies and provide aid
british surrendered at yorktown in 1781, british sought peace</p>

<p>treaty of paris
established the boundaries of the united states
allowed british to retain control of canada, florida was given to spain
required that colonists return the property of loyalists and permitted the british to collect debt owed to them
allowed americans to share teh fisheries in newfoundland
unresolved issues led to war of 1812</p>

<p>summary
colonies came of age, “the revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.”</p>

<p>would any one happen to have the answers to the 1984 and the 1988 APUSH tests</p>

<p>experiments in government 1781-1789****</p>

<p>bicameral legislature- twp houses
checks and balances- separation of powers
confederation- governement chracterized by a loose alliance of states
delegated powers- specifically stated powers in the constitution, aka enumerated powers
division of powers- power distributed between central and local governments
elastic clause- necessary or implied powers
reserved powers act- provides that any powers not given to the central government are powers that the states are granted
separation of powers- three branches of government have checks and balances
unicameral legislature- one house or chamber</p>

<p>intro
new hampshire ninth state to ratify the consitution
threatened dissolution
willingness of founding fathers to compromise for the sake of the union allowed for the successful completion of this task</p>

<p>articles of confederation
articles of confederation 1781, weaknesses, no provisions for an executive branch, lacked the ability to enforce laws, no power to collect taxes, raise an army, coin money or regulate interstate commerce</p>

<p>congress was a unicameral legislature, a unanimous vote was required to amend the articles</p>

<p>artcles successfully negotiated treaty of paris, land ordinance, northwest was divided into townships </p>

<p>northwest ordinance of 1787 important
no less than 3 or more than 5 states were to be formed in the northwest territory
when on e fo the territories had 60000 inhabitants it could become a state
religion wast to be practiced freely
indians were to be treated with good faith
slavery was porhibited</p>

<p>writing of the constitution
shay’s rebellion
farmer rebellion, demanded cheap paper money, reduced taxes, suspension of mortgage foreclosures, local rebellion against mass government, which used teh taxes to pay off debts from the revolution
fear taht this type of uprising might spread, founding fathers encouraged a meeting to discuss the weakness of the articles of confederation
constitutional convention in philadelphia to revise articles
shay’s rebellion served as a catalyst for change</p>

<p>bundle of compromises
madison was the “father of the constitution” washington led the convention
determined that the articles were ineffective, elected to establish a federal system of governemtn in which there would be a division of powers between teh states and central government
executive, legislative, judicial branch, checks and balacnes
elastic clause included</p>

<p>great compromise- new jersey and virginia plan, provided for a bicameral legislature with senate and house of reps</p>

<p>three fifths compromise- southern states favored the inclusion of slaves in teh population count, northern states desired the exclusion of slaves
nearly cause the collapse of the convention, every 5 slaves were to be counted as 3 white men, each slave counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation and taxation</p>

<p>commerce and slave trade compromise
congress shoudl have power to regulate foreign trade, congress was forbidden to intefere with slave trade or tax exports, import tax, need for unity among the staes outweighed the need for abolition of slavery</p>

<p>other provisions
electoral college elect president and vice president, prevent mobocracy, constitution was to take effect upon ratification by 9/13 states</p>

<p>debate over ratification
antifederalists such as patrick henry and samuel adams felt that the constitution compromised the goals of the american revolution and gave too much power to the central government, lack of bill of rights
federalists defended the constitution, the federalist papers published
holdout states were virginina, ny, nc, and rhode island</p>

<p>bill of rights
1791 first ten amendments
amendment x provided for protection of states’ rights
reserved power clause</p>

<p>summary
constitution created a “more perfect union” no longer a “firm league of friendship”
many were disppointed, others embraced it
government moved forward under washinton’s guidance</p>