<p>I think you’re mashing several things together in this question. Let me try to tease things apart a little bit.</p>
<p>“Scholarships” vs. need-based aid. In general, need-based aid depends very little )or not at all) on grades and test scores. If your grades and test scores qualify you for admission to the college or university, then it is your family’s financial situation that determines the amount and kind of need-based aid you’ll be offered. On the other hand, scholarships (which are also called “merit aid” or “merit awards”) depend heavily on grades and test scores. But the standards for merit aid vary a lot from institution to institution. Many of the most famous and selective colleges in the country (e.g., Ivies, Tufts) do not offer any merit aid; they give only need-based aid. But at selective colleges and universities that do offer merit aid (e.g., Vanderbilt), the standards for those awards will be higher than the standards at less selective institutions (e.g., well…maybe it’s not polite to name names).</p>
<p>In general, colleges and universities that offer merit awards do so in order to woo students who they think would otherwise go elsewhere. In other words, in order to get a merit award at one college, you usually have to be a strong enough applicant that you could be admitted to another college that’s more selective. Often, but not always, this means being in about the top 10% of a college’s applicant pool.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, it’s not quite as simple as this. At some universities and colleges–and I think this number may be growing–there are awards that are called “scholarships,” but they are offered only to students who have both strong academic credentials and financial need. At Brandeis, for example, they have recently changed their financial aid program so that it’s virtually impossible for a student without financial need to get a scholarship, no matter how well qualified he or she is academically.</p>
<p>How do you know whether you might be a candidate for merit aid? Look at profiles of the colleges and universities you’re considering. (You can look them up on the College Board’s web site. Search for the college or university by name, and look for the tab that says “SAT, ACT, CLEP.” Are your scores above the 75th percentile for the school? Click the “How do I stack up?” link for more detailed information about applicants’ grades and test scores.)</p>
<p>Each college or university will have its own method for awarding merit awards, but many, many colleges will offer merit aid the same way they offer admission: based on a combination of your standardized test scores and your grades, with some consideration also given to your teachers’ recommendations and your application essay(s). But every college or university can have its own system and its own standards, so you really can’t say how important SAT scores are, or what is a “typical” SAT score that will get you a scholarship.</p>