Anyone doing

<p>lol.
heres the contraversy:</p>

<p>i am totally for gayness and yada yada but i am against gay marriage because i dont think they should have the same rights as my parents have and i pretty much think its unorthodox.</p>

<p>guess what?</p>

<p>IM REPUBLICAN!</p>

<p>I agree with you, Jimi5, but there are still lots of people out there who consider homosexuality to be amoral, so it's like asking "If someone chooses to be a murderer, then thats their decision." </p>

<p>I don't wanna compare homosexuality to murder, in fact, I'm tolerant of homosexuality. This is still an issue, so you'll see these things once in a while. I think what Wabash is saying is that people who do not support homosexuality should be tolerated too since THEY choose to have that belief. So in the end, what Wabash is saying (I think) doesn't have to do with homosexuality as a specific, but an issue in general and toleration of different views. Of course, homosexuality is still a controversy in America, but it seems (according to this thread) that more people are becoming tolerant of homosexuality, which is a good thing.</p>

<p>But I don't wanna get involved any further either =p</p>

<p>tolerance does not always equal acceptance</p>

<p>I have gay friends but am against thier lifestyle.</p>

<p>to the godhatesfags website. They put a bad name on Christians. Yes it is true that the Bible says "If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them. " (Lev. 8:13) WOW that sounds really horrible, no? However, this is in the Old Testment and under the old law. God sent Jesus Christ, his son "God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him." (John 3:17) God doesn't hate homosexuals, just homosexuality.</p>

<p>I definitely have nothing against gay people. I truly cannot even comprehend why people feel that gay marriage should be illegal. </p>

<p>In my opinion, if you don't like gay people, don't look at them. </p>

<p>(this obviously does not entail stripping them of their rights as citizens)</p>

<p>Also, aren't Republicans all about individual freedoms and limited government involvement? Isn't it kind of hypocritical to want to control such a personal aspect of someone's life when you get mad because you have to pay taxes so that poverty-stricken people don't die of malnutrition?</p>

<p>I dont dislike gay people besides, gays can get married in Massachussetts and Hawaii and have all the priveldges of all married couples yada yada</p>

<p>And I dont think its hypocritical on account of the fact that 80 percent of Republicans oppose same sex marriages</p>

<p>see and thats the great thing about our minds.</p>

<p>personally i think someone is ***ing *stupid if they see any intelligence in our president, same goes for people who don't agree with the idea of pro-choice, same with the idea that gay marriage sould not be allowed.</p>

<p>but that is my mindset, I can't even believe that people somehow can convince themselves to those aforementioned things, yet every day there are people who I know, friends, teachers, parents, who certainly perscribe to those beliefs. I don't criticize their decisions, and I'd expect them not to insult my own.</p>

<p>I accept the fact that other people's opinions are their own, as I'm sure mine are proabaly pretty wrong in a few of your own minds, and thats fine, whatever.</p>

<p>That doesn't make me want to stop you from thinking those things, it doesn't make me want to kill you or rob you of your government-given rights. Honestly, you don't have to believe in somthing to allow it to happen. If you don't like gay marriage, don't get a gay marriage! If you don't like homosexuality, fine you don't even have to talk to a gay person if you like, but why take the offensive?</p>

<p>Tolerance is along the same lines as post-slavery america, it is very clear that you don't actually welcome the person you "tolerate". Acceptance is really what you want.</p>

<p>I respect your opinion but I dont think its right that people are attacking and insulting each other over this</p>

<p>"If you don't like homosexuality, fine you don't even have to talk to a gay person"</p>

<p>an you expand</p>

<p>i may have miss-stated that</p>

<p>I meant to say I don't care how you handle your beliefs about others, just don't force them uponthose who don't agree.</p>

<p>and I may actually be doing that by posting any opinion at all! awesome I love irony.</p>

<p>Even if what they are doing is harmful to themselves/others?</p>

<p>how is homosexuality harmful?</p>

<p>This is quite long:</p>

<p>The Health Risks of Gay Sex JOHN R. DIGGS, JR. M.D. </p>

<hr>

<p>As a physician, it is my duty to assess behaviors for their impact on health and wellbeing. When something is beneficial, such as exercise, good nutrition, or adequate sleep, it is my duty to recommend it. Likewise, when something is harmful, such as smoking, overeating, alcohol or drug abuse, and homosexual sex, it is my duty to discourage it.<br>
Executive Summary </p>

<p>Sexual relationships between members of the same sex expose gays, lesbians and bisexuals to extreme risks of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), physical injuries, mental disorders and even a shortened life span. There are five major distinctions between gay and heterosexual relationships, with specific medical consequences. They are: </p>

<p>Levels of Promiscuity</p>

<p>Prior to the AIDS epidemic, a 1978 study found that 75 percent of white, gay males claimed to have had more than 100 lifetime male sex partners: 15 percent claimed 100-249 sex partners; 17 percent claimed 250-499; 15 percent claimed 500- 999; and 28 percent claimed more than 1,000 lifetime male sex partners. Levels of promiscuity subsequently declined, but some observers are concerned that promiscuity is again approaching the levels of the 1970s. The medical consequence of this promiscuity is that gays have a greatly increased likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS, syphilis and other STDs. </p>

<p>Similar extremes of promiscuity have not been documented among lesbians. However, an Australian study found that 93 percent of lesbians reported having had sex with men, and lesbians were 4.5 times more likely than heterosexual women to have had more than 50 lifetime male sex partners. Any degree of sexual promiscuity carries the risk of contracting STDs. </p>

<p>Physical Health
Common sexual practices among gay men lead to numerous STDs and physical injuries, some of which are virtually unknown in the heterosexual population. Lesbians are also at higher risk for STDs. In addition to diseases that may be transmitted during lesbian sex, a study at an Australian STD clinic found that lesbians were three to four times more likely than heterosexual women to have sex with men who were high-risk for HIV. </p>

<p>Mental Health
It is well established that there are high rates of psychiatric illnesses, including depression, drug abuse, and suicide attempts, among gays and lesbians. This is true even in the Netherlands, where gay, lesbian and bisexual (GLB) relationships are far more socially acceptable than in the U.S. Depression and drug abuse are strongly associated with risky sexual practices that lead to serious medical problems. </p>

<p>Life Span
The only epidemiological study to date on the life span of gay men concluded that gay and bisexual men lose up to 20 years of life expectancy. </p>

<p>Monogamy
Monogamy, meaning long-term sexual fidelity, is rare in GLB relationships, particularly among gay men. One study reported that 66 percent of gay couples reported sex outside the relationship within the first year, and nearly 90 percent if the relationship lasted five years. </p>

<p>Encouraging people to engage in risky sexual behavior undermines good health and can result in a shortened life span. Yet that is exactly what employers and governmental entities are doing when they grant GLB couples benefits or status that make GLB relationships appear more socially acceptable.</p>

<p>The Health Risks of Gay Sex </p>

<p>Introduction </p>

<p>Back in the early 1980s, while working at Beth Israel Hospital, I vividly remember seeing healthy young gay men dying of a mysterious disease that researchers only later identified as a sexually transmitted disease — AIDS. Over the years, I've seen many patients with that diagnosis die. </p>

<p>As a physician, it is my duty to assess behaviors for their impact on health and wellbeing. When something is beneficial, such as exercise, good nutrition, or adequate sleep, it is my duty to recommend it. Likewise, when something is harmful, such as smoking, overeating, alcohol or drug abuse, it is my duty to discourage it. </p>

<p>When sexual activity is practiced outside of marriage, the consequences can be quite serious. Without question, sexual promiscuity frequently spreads diseases, from trivial to serious to deadly. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 65 million Americans have an incurable sexually transmitted disease (STD).1 </p>

<p>There are differences between men and women in the consequences of same-sex activity. But most importantly, the consequences of homosexual activity are distinct from the consequences of heterosexual activity. As a physician, it is my duty to inform patients of the health risks of gay sex, and to discourage them from indulging in harmful behavior. </p>

<p>I. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOMOSEXUAL AND HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS </p>

<p>The current media portrayal of gay and lesbian relationships is that they are as healthy, stable and loving as heterosexual marriages — or even more so.2 Medical associations are promoting somewhat similar messages.3 Nevertheless, there are at least five major areas of differences between gay and heterosexual relationships, each with specific medical consequences. Those differences include: </p>

<p>A. Levels of promiscuity
B. Physical health
C. Mental health
D. Life span
E. Definition of "monogamy" </p>

<p>A. Promiscuity </p>

<p>Gay author Gabriel Rotello notes the perspective of many gays that "Gay liberation was founded . . . on a 'sexual brotherhood of promiscuity,' and any abandonment of that promiscuity would amount to a 'communal betrayal of gargantuan proportions.'"4 Rotello's perception of gay promiscuity, which he criticizes, is consistent with survey results. A far-ranging study of homosexual men published in 1978 revealed that 75 percent of self-identified, white, gay men admitted to having sex with more than 100 different males in their lifetime: 15 percent claimed 100-249 sex partners; 17 percent claimed 250- 499; 15 percent claimed 500-999; and 28 percent claimed more than 1,000 lifetime male sex partners.5By 1984, after the AIDS epidemic had taken hold, homosexual men were reportedly curtailing promiscuity, but not by much. Instead of more than 6 partners per month in 1982, the average non-monogamous respondent in San Francisco reported having about 4 partners per month in 1984.6 </p>

<p>In more recent years, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control has reported an upswing in promiscuity, at least among young homosexual men in San Francisco. From 1994 to 1997, the percentage of homosexual men reporting multiple partners and unprotected anal sex rose from 23.6 percent to 33.3 percent, with the largest increase among men under 25.7 Despite its continuing incurability, AIDS no longer seems to deter individuals from engaging in promiscuous gay sex.8 </p>

<p>The data relating to gay promiscuity were obtained from self-identified gay men. Some advocates argue that the average would be lower if closeted homosexuals were included in the statistics.9 That is likely true, according to data obtained in a 2000 survey in Australia that tracked whether men who had sex with men were associated with the gay community. Men who were associated with the gay community were nearly four times as likely to have had more than 50 sex partners in the six months preceding the survey as men who were not associated with the gay community.10 This may imply that it is riskier to be "out" than "closeted." Adopting a gay identity may create more pressure to be promiscuous and to be so with a cohort of other more promiscuous partners. </p>

<p>Excessive sexual promiscuity results in serious medical consequences — indeed, it is a recipe for transmitting disease and generating an epidemic.11 The HIV/AIDS epidemic has remained a predominantly gay issue in the U.S. primarily because of the greater degree of promiscuity among gays.12 A study based upon statistics from 1986 through 1990 estimated that 20-year-old gay men had a 50 percent chance of becoming HIV positive by age 55.13 As of June 2001, nearly 64 percent of men with AIDS were men who have had sex with men.14 Syphilis is also more common among gay men. The San Francisco Public Health Department recently reported that syphilis among the city's gay and bisexual men was at epidemic levels. According to the San Francisco Chronicle: </p>

<p>"Experts believe syphilis is on the rise among gay and bisexual men because they are engaging in unprotected sex with multiple partners, many of whom they met in anonymous situations such as sex clubs, adult bookstores, meetings through the Internet and in bathhouses. The new data will show that in the 93 cases involving gay and bisexual men this year, the group reported having 1,225 sexual partners."15
A study done in Baltimore and reported in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that gay men contracted syphilis at three to four times the rate of heterosexuals.16 Promiscuity is the factor most responsible for the extreme rates of these and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases cited below, many of which result in a shortened life span for men who have sex with men. </p>

<p>Promiscuity among lesbians is less extreme, but it is still higher than among heterosexual women. Overall, women tend to have fewer sex partners than men. But there is a surprising finding about lesbian promiscuity in the literature. Australian investigators reported that lesbian women were 4.5 times more likely to have had more than 50 lifetime male partners than heterosexual women (9 percent of lesbians versus 2 percent of heterosexual women); and 93 percent of women who identified themselves as lesbian reported a history of sex with men.17 Other studies similarly show that 75-90 percent of women who have sex with women have also had sex with men.18 </p>

<p>B. Physical Health </p>

<p>Unhealthy sexual behaviors occur among both heterosexuals and homosexuals. Yet the medical and social science evidence indicate that homosexual behavior is uniformly unhealthy. Although both male and female homosexual practices lead to increases in Sexually Transmitted Diseases, the practices and diseases are sufficiently different that they merit separate discussion.</p>

<ol>
<li>Male Homosexual Behavior </li>
</ol>

<p>Men having sex with other men leads to greater health risks than men having sex with women19 not only because of promiscuity but also because of the nature of sex among men. A British researcher summarizes the danger as follows: </p>

<p>"Male homosexual behaviour is not simply either 'active' or 'passive,' since penile-anal, mouth-penile, and hand-anal sexual contact is usual for both partners, and mouth-anal contact is not infrequent. . . . Mouth-anal contact is the reason for the relatively high incidence of diseases caused by bowel pathogens in male homosexuals. Trauma may encourage the entry of micro-organisms and thus lead to primary syphilitic lesions occurring in the anogenital area. . . . In addition to sodomy, trauma may be caused by foreign bodies, including stimulators of various kinds, penile adornments, and prostheses."20
Although the specific activities addressed below may be practiced by heterosexuals at times, homosexual men engage in these activities to a far greater extent.21 </p>

<p>a. Anal-genital </p>

<p>Anal intercourse is the sine qua non of sex for many gay men.22 Yet human physiology makes it clear that the body was not designed to accommodate this activity. The rectum is significantly different from the vagina with regard to suitability for penetration by a *****. The vagina has natural lubricants and is supported by a network of muscles. It is composed of a mucus membrane with a multi-layer stratified squamous epithelium that allows it to endure friction without damage and to resist the immunological actions caused by semen and sperm. In comparison, the anus is a delicate mechanism of small muscles that comprise an "exit-only" passage. With repeated trauma, friction and stretching, the sphincter loses its tone and its ability to maintain a tight seal. Consequently, anal intercourse leads to leakage of fecal material that can easily become chronic. </p>

<p>The potential for injury is exacerbated by the fact that the intestine has only a single layer of cells separating it from highly vascular tissue, that is, blood. Therefore, any organisms that are introduced into the rectum have a much easier time establishing a foothold for infection than they would in a vagina. The single layer tissue cannot withstand the friction associated with penile penetration, resulting in traumas that expose both participants to blood, organisms in feces, and a mixing of bodily fluids. </p>

<p>Furthermore, ejaculate has components that are immunosuppressive. In the course of ordinary reproductive physiology, this allows the sperm to evade the immune defenses of the female. Rectal insemination of rabbits has shown that sperm impaired the immune defenses of the recipient.23 Semen may have a similar impact on humans.24 </p>

<p>The end result is that the fragility of the anus and rectum, along with the immunosuppressive effect of ejaculate, make anal-genital intercourse a most efficient manner of transmitting HIV and other infections. The list of diseases found with extraordinary frequency among male homosexual practitioners as a result of anal intercourse is alarming: </p>

<p>Anal Cancer
Chlamydia trachomatis
Cryptosporidium
Giardia lamblia
Herpes simplex virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
Human papilloma virus
Isospora belli
Microsporidia
Gonorrhea
Viral hepatitis types B & C
Syphilis25 </p>

<p>Sexual transmission of some of these diseases is so rare in the exclusively heterosexual population as to be virtually unknown. Others, while found among heterosexual and homosexual practitioners, are clearly predominated by those involved in homosexual activity. Syphilis, for example is found among heterosexual and homosexual practitioners. But in 1999, King County, Washington (Seattle), reported that 85 percent of syphilis cases were among self-identified homosexual practitioners.26 And as noted above, syphilis among homosexual men is now at epidemic levels in San Francisco.27 </p>

<p>A 1988 CDC survey identified 21 percent of all Hepatitis B cases as being homosexually transmitted while 18 percent were heterosexually transmitted.28 Since homosexuals comprise such a small percent of the population (only 1-3 percent),29 they have a significantly higher rate of infection than heterosexuals.30 </p>

<p>Anal intercourse also puts men at significant risk for anal cancer. Anal cancer is the result of infection with some subtypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), which are known viral carcinogens. Data as of 1989 showed the rates of anal cancer in male homosexual practitioners to be 10 times that of heterosexual males, and growing. 30 Thus, the prevalence of anal cancer among gay men is of great concern. For those with AIDS, the rates are doubled.31 </p>

<p>Other physical problems associated with anal intercourse are: </p>

<p>hemorrhoids
anal fissures
anorectal trauma
retained foreign bodies.32</p>

<p>b. Oral-anal </p>

<p>There is an extremely high rate of parasitic and other intestinal infections documented among male homosexual practitioners because of oral-anal contact. In fact, there are so many infections that a syndrome called "the Gay Bowel" is described in the medical literature.33 "Gay bowel syndrome constitutes a group of conditions that occur among persons who practice unprotected anal intercourse, anilingus, or fellatio following anal intercourse."34 Although some women have been diagnosed with some of the gastrointestinal infections associated with "gay bowel," the vast preponderance of patients with these conditions are men who have sex with men.35 </p>

<p>"Rimming" is the street name given to oralanal contact. It is because of this practice that intestinal parasites ordinarily found in the tropics are encountered in the bodies of American gay men. Combined with anal intercourse and other homosexual practices, "rimming" provides a rich opportunity for a variety of infections. </p>

<p>Men who have sex with men account for the lion's share of the increasing number of cases in America of sexually transmitted infections that are not generally spread through sexual contact. These diseases, with consequences that range from severe and even life-threatening to mere annoyances, include Hepatitis A,36 Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica,37 Epstein-Barr virus,38 Neisseria meningitides,39 Shigellosis, Salmonellosis, Pediculosis, scabies and Campylobacter.40 The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) identified a 1991 outbreak of Hepatitis A in New York City, in which 78 percent of male respondents identified themselves as homosexual or bisexual.41While Hepatitis A can be transmitted by routes other than sexual, a preponderance of Hepatitis A is found in gay men in multiple states.42 Salmonella is rarely associated with sexual activity except among gay men who have oral-anal and oral-genital contact following anal intercourse.43 The most unsettling new discovery is the reported sexual transmission of typhoid. This water-borne disease, well known in the tropics, only infects 400 people each year in the United States, usually as a result of ingestion of contaminated food or water while abroad. But sexual transmission was diagnosed in Ohio in a series of male sex partners of one male who had traveled to Puerto Rico.44 </p>

<p>In America, Human Herpes Virus 8 (called Herpes Type 8 or HHV-8) is a disease found exclusively among male homosexual practitioners. Researchers have long noted that men who contracted AIDS through homosexual behavior frequently developed a previously rare form of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. Men who contract HIV/AIDS through heterosexual sex or intravenous drug use rarely display this cancer. Recent studies confirm that Kaposi's sarcoma results from infection with HHV-8. The New England Journal of Medicine described one cohort in San Francisco where 38 percent of the men who admitted any homosexual contact within the previous five years tested positive for this virus while none of the exclusively heterosexual men tested positive. The study predicted that half of the men with both HIV and HHV-8 would develop the cancer within 10 years.45 The medical literature is currently unclear as to the precise types of sexual behavior that transmit HHV-8, but there is a suspicion that it may be transmitted via saliva.46 </p>

<p>c. Human Waste </p>

<p>Some gay men sexualize human waste, including the medically dangerous practice of coprophilia, which means sexual contact with highly infectious fecal wastes.47 This practice exposes the participants to all of the risks of anal-oral contact and many of the risks of analgenital contact. </p>

<p>d. Fisting </p>

<p>"Fisting" refers to the insertion of a hand or forearm into the rectum, and is far more damaging than anal intercourse. Tears can occur, along with incompetence of the anal sphincter. The result can include infections, inflammation and, consequently, enhanced susceptibility to future STDs. Twenty-two percent of homosexuals in one survey admitted to having participated in this practice.48</p>

<p>e. Sadism </p>

<p>The sexualization of pain and cruelty is described as sadism, named for the 18th Century novelist, the Marquis de Sade. His novel Justine describes repeated rapes and non-consensual whippings.49 Not all persons who practice sadism engage in the same activities. But a recent advertisement for a sadistic "conference" included a warning that participants might see "intentional infliction of pain [and] cutting of the skin with bleeding . . . ." Scheduled workshops included "Vaginal Fisting" (with a demonstration), "Sacred Sexuality and Cutting" with "a demonstration of a cutting with a live subject," "Rough Rope," and a "Body Harness" workshop that was to involve "demonstrating and coaching the tying of erotic body harnesses that involve the genitals, male and female."50 A similar event entitled the "Vicious Valentine" occurred near Chicago on Feb. 15-17, 2002.51 The medical consequences of such activities range from mild to fatal, depending upon the nature of the injuries inflicted.52 As many as 37 percent of homosexuals have practiced some form of sadism.53
f. Conclusion </p>

<p>The consequences of homosexual activity have significantly altered the delivery of medical care to the population at-large. With the increased incidence of STD organisms in unexpected places, simple sore throat is no longer so simple. Doctors must now ask probing questions of their patients or risk making a misdiagnosis. The evaluation of a sore throat must now include questions about oral and anal sex. A case of hemorrhoids is no longer just a surgical problem. We must now inquire as to sexual practice and consider that anal cancer, rectal gonorrhea, or rectal chlamydia may be secreted in what deceptively appears to be "just hemorrhoids."54 Moreover, data shows that rectal and throat gonorrhea, for example, are without symptoms in 75 percent of cases.55 </p>

<p>The impact of the health consequences of gay sex is not confined to homosexual practitioners. Even though nearly 11 million people in America are directly affected by cancer, compared to slightly more than three-quarters of a million with AIDS,56 AIDS spending per patient is more than seven times that for cancer.57 The inequity for diabetes and heart disease is even more striking.58 Consequently, the disproportionate amount of money spent on AIDS detracts from research into cures for diseases that affect more people.</p>

<p>I am learning about homosexuality in class and there are many findings that really show that homosexuality is not a choice. There are studies that include identical twins who were brought up in the same environment and such, but one twin is gay and the other is straight. There are hypotheses about how women can produce anti-bodies in the womb that can affect the environment before birth and can cause a child to be more predisposed to homosexuality. Homosexuality is not a choice, its been shown to be hereditary and the research that is being done shows that the environment you are raised in has little to do with your orientation. I have homosexual friends and they did not choose to be how they are. Some of them have said that they wish that they were heterosexual because it would make life easier. How can you have a day that promotes intolerance against who a person is, their core soul? it's wrong to be unaccepting in this manner.</p>

<p>ok, There is much controversy whether biology plays any role in our sexual orientation. The claim that there is a homosexual gene, however, is false. Several studies have been done by people trying to find a genetic or biological cause for homosexual behavior, but none of them has been conclusive.
Simon LeVay did one of the most famous studies. He hypothesized that the hypothalamus—a part of the brain which is typically smaller in women than in men—would be smaller in homosexual men than in straight men. While he found that this was sometimes the case, he did not find that it was always true. There’s also a strong possibility that changes in brain structure might have happened because of repetitive homosexual behavior and weren’t the cause of it. His control group—who were all supposedly heterosexuals—is also in question because most of them had died of AIDS.</p>

<p>The Bailey-Pillard study on homosexual twins showed that when one identical twin was homosexual, the other was also homosexual only 52 percent of the time. If homosexuality was genetic, then identical twins would both be homosexual or straight, never mixed. They also found that other non-identical twins also had a high rate of shared homosexuality. This points not to a biological factor (which non-identical twins would not share), but to environmental factors which are often very similar for any pair of twins growing up.</p>

<p>I am not saying genetics is the answer all the time. They are finding that the environment in the womb and differences between right brained and left brained people are contributing to homosexuality. There are many factors that come into play but environment outside the womb really isn't a large factor. Who would decide one day to become gay? Would you want all this discrimination and constant belittling directed toward yourself? Homosexuality is part of who a person is.
Now, I am also Catholic and I know the Bible. The faith condemns the act and not homosexuals themselves. Furthermore, the Bible was written by humans and humans change words to fit their purposes. I love and believe that everyone is good who I meet. I don't believe homosexuals should be married within the church and because of the Christian tradition of our government, I don't think it is plausible to expect matrimony by the government either. Civil unions are the best answer. But please, don't condemn the people; if you feel you must condemn some part of homosexuality, condemn the act. But remember, the Bible was written by people and people are flawed and oftentimes selfish and have inner motives for their actions.</p>

<p>I sent you a pm</p>