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<p>I fear I haven’t made myself sufficiently clear. Or maybe it was in one of the FAQ threads where I made myself more explicit. Part of the problem here is the “fallacy of equivocation,” because people can use the term “affirmative action” with multiple, more or less contrary, meanings, and they don’t always check the meanings each participant uses that term for before jumping into the discussion here. </p>
<p>I am very happy for colleges to engage in vigorous, active outreach to bring in applications from high school students who might not otherwise have thought of applying to those colleges. I’m also happy to see colleges provide various incentives (targeted scholarships, specialist academic advisers, etc.) to help enrolled students who seem to come into college with the fewest personal advantages. That could be called “affirmative action,” and if we agree on that use of that term, then I am in favor of affirmative action. One author who uses the term “affirmative action” that way made a policy proposal six years ago that I still think makes a lot of sense. </p>
<p>[BW</a> Online | July 7, 2003 | Needed: Affirmative Action for the Poor](<a href=“Bloomberg Businessweek - Bloomberg”>Bloomberg Businessweek - Bloomberg) </p>
<p>I am very wary of any attempt by any government to classify people into government-established “race” or “ethnicity” categories. There are scholars who appear to have the same point of view, </p>
<p>[Group</a> Classification on National ID Cards - Jim Fussell - 15 Nov 2001](<a href=“http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/removing-facilitating-factors/IDcards/]Group”>Group Classification on National ID Cards - Jim Fussell - 15 Nov 2001) </p>
<p>and I note that there is no country on earth that categorizes people just the way that the United States does now, suggesting that the Census Bureau is correct when it says </p>
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<p>[Black</a> or African American persons, percent, 2000](<a href=“http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68176.htm]Black”>http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68176.htm) </p>
<p>I can remember when people who immigrated to the United States of America from the country India were called “white” people rather than “Asian” people. I can remember when the category “Pacific Islander” didn’t exist as a separate “race” category from the “Asian” category. And I can remember when the “Hispanic” category of ethnicity didn’t exist at all. </p>
<p>Worse than the sheer arbitrariness of the categories, there is evidence that such categorization is indeed dangerous. There have been civil wars and campaigns of genocide in countries with officially established ethnicity or race categories, such as Lebanon (with a civil war among ethnicities all called “white” in the United States federal rules), Sri Lanka (among “Asians”), Rwanda (among “blacks”), Yugoslavia (which even resulted in a new term for genocide, “ethnic cleansing,” among “whites” and the disintegration of a country), and elsewhere. I would characterize my position as a position of saying that governments ought to be in the business of helping people get along with their neighbors as friendly individuals, making sure that private actors don’t discriminate invidiously because of supposed group membership.</p>