<p>expansion, conflict and compromise 1820-1850</p>
<p>free labor- worker can leave whenever he or she wishes
free soil- west should be free of slavery, in 1846 david wilmot wrote the proviso that there shall be no involuntary slavery or servitude in any territory from mexico
manifest destiny- impetus for mexican war</p>
<p>intro
growing economic divisions between north and south</p>
<p>roots
north growing faster, no irish need apply signs, germans warmer welcome
north expanded free labor while south expanded slave labor</p>
<p>slavery and congress
abolitionists mounted petition campaigns to abolish slavery in washington dc, southern congressmen were opposed to this, democrats passed a gag rule</p>
<p>political parties
nominating conventions used, which had been developed by the anti-masonicparty
american party was a vicious, anti immigrant, anti catholic group, members were the know-nothings</p>
<p>abolitionists
democrats instructed postmasters to block abolitionist mail
a group of political abolitionists split the american anti slavery society, forming the liberty party </p>
<p>texas
mexico invited us into state of texas, americans violated mexican antislavery laws and refused to assimilate
texas won independence from mexico 1836 “lone star republic”</p>
<p>1840 and 1844 election
john tyler became president after harrison died
polk won against clay slogan was 54 40 for fight to annex the oregon territory, democratic congress voted to annex texas</p>
<p>manifest destiny
americans would bring democracy to a larger number of people and a greater expanse of land</p>
<p>mexican war
polk trie dto buy california from mexico, mexicans refused, they considered teh neuces river the proper border
polk sent zach taylor into the disputed area
mexicans attacked, polk delcared that they had attacked americans on “american soil”
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo in 1848 gave california, texas, new mexico, arizona, nevada, utah to us, paid 15 million, called the mexican cession</p>
<p>free soilers
wilmot proviso-no extension of slavery</p>
<p>compromise of 1850
gold in california
gold discovered in california, settlers wrote a free state constitution, admission of california would tip the balance of free and slave states</p>
<p>clay’s compromise
california would be admitted as a free state
slavery would remain in washington dc but the slave trade would end
new mexico and utal would have no restrictions on slavery
fugitive slave law would be enforced</p>
<p>webster supported this, calhoun predicted taht the union would dissolve unless an amendment was passed that would give the south a veto over sectional questions
stephen douglas arranged for separate votes on each aspect of the compromise, new whig president, millard fillmore was elected</p>
<p>summary
clashes portended war
acquiring territory was producing conflicts among whites, compromise of 1850 was a cease fire</p>
<p>oh yeah, betty friedan, she was for women’s rights and wrote the feminist mystique i believe. </p>
<p>and as for tocqueville, he wrote Democracy in America during jackson’s presidency–we had to read it in class. he basically foretold the future of the united states, and he wrote about the tyranny of the majority and the tyranny of manufacturers. </p>
<p>and just to expand on the literature stuff, charles a beard-- everything is motived by economic beliefs.</p>
<p>In the book list,
“Letter on the Equality of the Sexes and Condition of Women”- Sarah Grimke
-Women’s rights…ties in to Seneca Falls convention… passage of the 19th Amendment</p>
<p>“Unsafe at any speed”- Ralph Nader
-Automobile regulation…LBJ…domestic reform of The Great Society </p>
<p>Not the most important, just two other very common books.
Good luck to you all.</p>
<p>Guys, since Jackson always comes up I think you might find this helpful:</p>
<p>Jacksononian Democracy</p>
<p>Power to the People!</p>
<p>8 ways in which politics was democraticized:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The number of eligible voters increased.</p></li>
<li><p>Popular votes determined who would represet a state in the electoral college (rather than being chosen by state leg).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>-Some offices that were formerly appointed became elected. (spoils system;rotation).</p>
<p>-Written ballots replaced public votes (privacy better protected).</p>
<ul>
<li>Some political parties began holding public nominating conventions to select a party’s candidate, allowing more voter input.</li>
</ul>
<p>-Political parties began holding campaigning to lure voters to the polls, politicaians directly appealed to the “common man” for support.</p>
<p>-Reinvigorated 2-party system.</p>
<ul>
<li>“Rotation” in office allowed more people to directly participate in the gov’t.</li>
</ul>
<p>There was only one fed president, that was Adams. Federalists (part of the 1st party) were a lot like republicans…they wanted a a stronger central gov’t.</p>
<p>^That is incorrect. You’re confusing the Federalist Party with the Federalist/Anti-Federalist ‘‘battle of words’’ over the ratification of the Constitution.</p>
<p>In essence, Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution. Anti-federalists felt that the Constitution provided for a too strong of a central government and feared its encroachment upon States’ Rights. Thomas Jefferson was a Federalist in this sense, as he supported the rat. of the Cons., but he was a Democratic-Republican that opposed Hamilton’s Federalist Party.</p>
<p>Ok, these are the Gilded Age notes. The breadth of this era forces me to divide it up into four sections named as follows:
I. Southern economy and society/Westward Expansion info. (I put some useful info on Indian policy and Westward expansion here)
II. Growth of monopolies/General Northern economics
III. USA Politics
a. Farmer politics such as Grange, and farmer alliance and Populist party is in here.
IV. The American city</p>
<p>Ok… here goes.</p>
<hr>
<p>WESTWARD EXPANSION INFO.</p>
<p>Not a lot of things you need to know in here but there are somethings which can appear. The problem with those questions are that they are “Know it or not” questions.</p>
<p>~How did the western territories form into states?~~~~</p>
<p>One answer: MONEY, money, MONEY from discovery of gold and silver. An important thing to note is that colonizing the very west was an extremely hard thing to do. But human hunger for gold/silver won.</p>
<p>California= formed into a state due to the Gold Rush of 1849 (forty-niners)
Nevada= Comstock Lode discovery in 1890
Idaho and Montana= mining boom
Colorado= Pike’s Peak</p>
<p>The second most important thing you have to know about these western territories is the increased rate of Asian immigrants. This led to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.</p>
<p>~The Great Plains & Indian Removal~~~~~~~</p>
<p>The majority of the people who occupied the Great Plains can be categorized as:
Cowboys
-These people realized the economic potential of the grasslands. They rounded up cattle and sold them to Chicago.
Farmers
-These people came to the grasslands because of the Homestead Act(a reconstruction act). They were promised 160 acres, land free of speculators, benefits from railroads.
IMPORTANT= Much of this land ended up in the ownership of railroad companies and speculators.
IMPORTANT2=The great plains had many, many extremes, which made farming difficult and lonely.
Indians
-were there because of the Indian Removal policy of Andrew Jackson in the early 1830’s.</p>
<p>Indian Removal Policy of the Gilded Age:
-tried to crowd them into reservation lands(often poor land) so they would not encounter white people moving west.
-assimilation was a brief, popular policy articulated by a man named Dawes. Most importantly, injustices done to blacks were exposed by Helen Hunt Jackson’s book called A CENTURY OF DISHONOR. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was designed to break up indian tribes to assimilate them into white society. This policy was a failure.
-Ghost Dance movement= native americans tried to suppress westward expansion by staging sit-ins (Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890)</p>
<p>~SOUTH ECON. and SOCIETY~~~~~
What people need to realize is that after the Civil War, the North had an extraordinary amount of influence on the South. Take this analogy:
The north was the father, the south was the son and the mother was the Judiciary. The father tried to instill values into the son and the son obeyed the father for a brief period of time. After many years of the father teaching the boy, the mother told the father to leave the son alone…which the father did. The son forgot everything the father told him during those years and returned to how he was. But the son still decided to keep some values that the father had taught him.</p>
<p>Silly right? But seriously… just think about this analogy while you read through this lesson… It will make it less painful.</p>
<p>RECONSTRUCTION SOUTH:
-North had large influence on southern economy. They introduced factories into some cities, thereby providing the south with another way to make revenue. Railroads were constructed loosely around the south but by 1890, an integrated railroad system emerged. This led to an economic boom in the industrialized southern cities.
-Poverty was highly prevalent in the South because most Southerns lacked the education to work industry. A second reason is that the north controlled the south’s industries.</p>
<p>So the North helped the South grow more industrialized but let’s take a look at farming:</p>
<p>Farming still depended on cotton but the price of cotton was going down around the world. This caused many farmers to go poor. This led to increased sharecroppers(both black and white) who tried to pay their loans(they were in cycle of debt).</p>
<p>AFTER NORTH LEFT:
The north left the south around 1877. After that time, the South had to figure out a way to solve their social and economic problems. The people with the most political power was the business leaders and the white supremacists. These two groups always voted Democratic due to that party’s southern-based values. THE BLACKS VOTED REPUBLICAN!</p>
<p>Supreme Court decisions helped these two groups return to power:
Civil right cases of 1883=congress cannot ban racial discrimination from individuals
Plessy v. Fergussen= “separate but equal accomidations” … this caused Jim crow laws.</p>
<p>Civil rights were lost because of these two court cases. Also white supremacists implemented literary states, grandfather clauses, and fear to stop blacks from voting.</p>
<hr>
<p>GROWTH OF MONOPOLIES/ GENERAL NORTHERN ECONOMICS</p>
<p>First of all, what is the Gilded age?
The gilded age was coined by Mark Twain who used it to comment on America being “mostly wealthy but no substance”.</p>
<p>What was the reason for America’s economic growth during the Gilded Age.
a lot of resources
labor supply(immigration arrive rate increase)
advanced transportation
technology to improve effieciency
pro-business government leaders
skilled economic leaders</p>
<p>RAILROAD EMPIRE:
Railroads were profitable because they were used frequently by the miners in the west, farmers in the south, industrialists in the north. Also the common people used to railroad to move west. Railroads were the reason why coal, and steel industries became profitable. Since railroads are indisputably the birth of advanced industry in the USA, its appropriate we learn about them first.</p>
<p>Brief background:
Railroad building was started by the federal government. The government gave federal land grants to railroad companies because the government believe this would increase the value of government lands and be a cheap efficient way for the nation’s mail carriers and the common people to travel. Scandals in the Grant Administration(credit mobilier) was due to corrupt people in the government who made profits from the subsidies.
-Transcontinental railroad was completed in 5/10/1869 at Utah.</p>
<p>Competition in railroad:
1)fraud and poor management left many railroad companies bankrupt
In 1890’s, men like Morgan and Vanderbilt concentrated all of the railroad companies into just seven companies. These men practiced ruthless techniques to increase profit(overpriced railroad fares to poor farmers in the South).</p>
<p>STEEL EMPIRE:
Steel was profitable because of the work of Henry Bessemer who created the Bessemer process. This was a cheap way to make steel. Steel was needed because of the railroads.
Andrew Carnegie did vertical integration to become the top steel industrialist.
<em>VERTICAL INTEGRATION IS WHEN COMPANIES CONTROL EVERY STAGE OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS</em></p>
<p>In Carnegie’s case, he owned the raw materials for making steel, the place where they make the steel, etc. [horizontal integration is explained later ;)]</p>
<p>OIL EMPIRE:
John D. Rockfeller went from owning 3% of oil to owning nearly 90 percent by doing horizontal integration.
<em>HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION IS WHEN COMPANIES CONTROL ALL RELATED COMPANIES</em></p>
<p>In rockfeller’s case, he owned all the companies who made oil.</p>
<p>ANTITRUST BUSTING ACTION:</p>
<p>Sherman Antitrust Act was implemented in 1890 to prohibit “any contract, combination, in the form of trust”. This Sherman act allowed banned trade unions. The supreme court weakened the sherman antitrust act by saying it could only be applied to commerce, not manufacturing.</p>
<p>GOVERNMENT STANCE TOWARD MONOPOLY:
Governments run by men such as McKinley were pro-business. They practiced free trade or laissez-faire economic policy. They believed that the “invisible hand” should control business, not the government( The wealth of nations by adam smith). </p>
<p>SOCIETY VIEW OF MONOPOLIES:
Social Darwinism:
the concentration of wealth is in the hands of the fit. Those who are poor are unfit.
Gospel of Wealth:
written by Andrew Carnegie, this appealed to the rich to contribute to society.
“Acres of Diamond” speech:
everyone had a duty to become rich</p>
<p>IMPORTANT INVENTIONS:
Telephone= sped up communication
Light bulb= longer working hours, electrical power
Airbrake= safer railroads</p>
<p>CONSUMERism:
Department stores= large stores with lots of supplies
Catalogs= used railroads to transport</p>
<p>the concentration of wealth in gilded age was aproxiametly 10% of people controlled 90 percent of wealth.</p>
<p>THE MIDDLE CLASS in the north:</p>
<p>The wage earners were working for 10 hours a day, six days a week. Two-thirds worked. Mother and Father and children worked cause one wage was not enough to support a family. Pink-collar jobs for women were secretaries, bookkeepers, typists and telephone operators.(secretaries could be blue-collar too!)</p>
<p>ORGANIZED LABOR:
Unions were organized labor. Scabs were the replacement for striking workers. </p>
<p>Famous Unions:
1)National Labor union= invited all skilled and unskilled workers;higher wages,eight-hour day;social benefits. WON THE eight-hour day for workers.
2) Knights of Labor=all workers(including African americans and women)… reforms included no child labor, abolition of monopoly, no strikes used
3) AFL= only skilled workers allowed; higher wages; improved work conditions</p>
<p>Famous strikes and protests:
Great Railroad strike of 1877= cause was cut wages; this strike suspended all railroads; hayes used troops to break it up
Haymarket bombing= peaceful protest > bombing; organized by Knights of Labor
Homestead strike= steel plant strike; used guards to break up strike
Pullman Strike= organized by Eugene V. Debs; boycott halted all railroads’ cleveland used army to break strikes…debs was jailed</p>
<p>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------==
USA POLITICS with FARMER LABOR PARTIES:</p>
<p>~FARMERS UNITE~~~</p>
<p>NATIONAL GRANGE MOVEMENT:
established as a social and educational organization set on alleviating the loneliness of farmers. Over time however, the Grange took political action to protect its members against the monopolies. It was mainly based in the Midwest.
The Grange wanted the fees that railroads charged to BE GONE! </p>
<p>Interstate Commerce Act of 1886:
regulation of railroads to be fair and just. the Interstate commerce commision was set to do this. the commision stabilized the cost.</p>
<p>FARMERS ALLIANCE:
represented the poor farmer and blacks who struggled to survive.</p>
<p>~~~~~NATIONAL POLITICS~
Politics during this time were very conservative and had “do-nothing” presidents. Belief in limited government intervention in business was due to “invisible hand” theory.</p>
<p>Campaigns:
LONG, LONG, LONG, LONG speeches. They also had campaign buttons, and almost 80 % of the population of the US voted.</p>
<p>Republicans vehemently stayed toward the civil war ideologies. Democrats were supported by the white South voters, immigrants in the North.</p>
<p>Party Patronage:
whoever wins gets to appoint the federal government jobs to the party faithful.</p>
<p>THE FORGOTTEN PRESIDENTS:
Rutherford B. Hayes ended reconstruction and tried to do honest government.
James Garfield was a half breed who gave most government jobs to other half breeds. He was assasinated for this reason.
Chester Arthur was a stalwart who made a bill for civil service test and developed the navy.</p>
<p>Election of 1884:
Democratic candidate = cleveland (scandal-free)
republican candidate = blaine (not so honest)</p>
<p>Cleveland won and implemented the civil service system(Pendleton ACT), Interstate commision act, dawes act, and some pensions for civil war veterans.</p>
<p>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Note: the next 20 years are going be confusing as **** but it is worth reading. Please say anything if you find stuff confusing :]</p>
<p>MONEY PROBLEMS:
Farmers and debtors wanted loose money, business men and monopolies wanted hard money.</p>
<p>Greenback Party:
had support from farmers and debtors; nominated james b weaver of iowa but died out after 1870’s.</p>
<p>Silver money:
Crime of 1873=congress stopped coining of silver. compromise was 16:1 silver to gold ratio set by the bland allison act. But farmers were not satisfied… they wanted unlimited coinage of silver</p>
<p>High Tariff or Low Tariff?:
Democrats didn’t want high tariffs while Repub. did. Farmers lost a lot of money because of tariffs. Industry gained money from the tariffs.</p>
<p>In this atmosphere, the election of 1888 happened between the Republican Harrison and Democratic Cleveland.</p>
<p>The winner was Harrison; also congress was controlled by Republicans.</p>
<br>
<br>
<p>Election of 1892:
The populist party nominated James Weaver but lost with 1 million votes and some electoral votes.
Cleveland won against Harrison against this election because of the Mckinley tariff being so high. CLEVELAND BECOMES FIRST PRESIDENT TO SERVE 2 NON CONSECUTIVE TERMS!</p>
<p>Problems with economy:
Panic of 1893=stock market crash due to over speculation and overbuilding of railroads; cleveland didnt interfere much</p>
<p>Gold reserve =
trading of silver dollars to gold due to Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 let the gold drain to low levels. Cleveland borrowed money from Morgan to reestablish gold standard and back the dollar</p>
<p>Coxey’s Army=
march to washington to demand jobs for unemployed.</p>
<p>ELECTION OF 1896:
Democrats and Populist Party merged into one. their candidate was Bryan. The democratic platform wanted:
unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16:1</p>
<p>Republicans nominated William McKinley who was labor-friendly and supported the high tariff and the gold standard.</p>
<p>MCKINLEY WON MEANING THE POPULIST PARTY DIED!.. also the election of 1896 marked the end of the Gilded Age. Republican party gained reputation as the party of industry while Democrats were the radicals.</p>
<p>McKinley is first modern president <===========================</p>
<p>~CITY GROWTH~~~~~~~
City growth was due to the immigrants, who forced city planners to change architecture to accommodate them. Also the moderate consumerism of the Gilded Age reflected in the richness of the cities.</p>
<p>Immigrants came to America for:
economic oppurtunity
religious equality
the politics in america worked</p>
<p>Democrats were supported by immigrants while Republicans weren’t.
Old immigrants= German, British, etc., protestants
New immigrants=Italians, Poles, Russians,etc., Catholics</p>
<p>Restriction of immigration:
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, standards were based on race quantity</p>
<p>LABOR UNIONS DID NOT SUPPORT IMMIGRATION!</p>
<hr>
<p>Urbanization and industrialization(peanut butter and jelly):
cities provided a good place for factories to appear. Those moving to cities included young americans, and immigrants who left their farms and countries in search of new economic oppurtunity.</p>
<p>Changes to cities due to this was:
streetcar cities to improve transport from tenements to factories
skyscrapers to expand the city upward
ethnic neighborhoods (again, tenements)
resident suburbs( this was where lower income people lived in the past). But after good transport, the middle-class decided to live in suburbs also.</p>
<p>IMMIGRATION AND MACHINE POLITICS:
Immigrants give votes in exchange for help from the party bosses.(Tammany Hall in NYC).</p>
<p>CITY REFORMS:
social critism from the divide between rich and poor(Looking backward by Edward Bellamy)
Settlement houses to help the single mothers and poor immigrants(Jane Addams’ hull house)
Social Gospel(church should help society), Salvation Army was a branch of this.
Women’s rights(NAWSA established in 1890 by Stanton and Anthony to secure the vote for women)
Temperance(WCTU in 1874 had support from Republicans but not from Democrats!)</p>
<p>ART and ARCHITECTURE:
Painters:
realism painters were the “thing”. Thomas Eakin, Winslow Homer were famous painters who did realism. eakins painted the common working person <===========</p>
<p>Realism and naturalism in literature:
told the story as it is without romantic heroes or heroeines</p>
<p>Architecture:
were about “form fits function”: louis sullivan and his steel frammed buildings, frank lloyd wright did architecture which fit in with the surronding nature, frederic law olmstead did city parks and urban landscapping</p>
<p>Entertainment:
amusement parks, BASEBALL!, “yellow journalism” and amateur sports.</p>
<p>
[QUOTE=]
There was only one fed president, that was Adams. Federalists (part of the 1st party) were a lot like republicans…they wanted a a stronger central gov’t.
<p>Important Important Court Cases
Plessy v. Ferguson
-Uphelld segregated raiillroad ffaciilliitiies
-Sanctiioned separate but equall publliic ffaciilliitiies ffor Affriican Ameriicans…
-Court deciided that separate ffaciilliitiies ffor bllacks were llegalllly equall to those proviided ffor whiites…
Brown v. Board of Education of
-Topeka- Raciiall segregatiion iin publliic schoolls was a deniiall off the equall protectiion off the llaws…
-Essentiialllly reversed the earlliier court deciisiion iin Pllessy v… Ferguson.
-Diirectlly contradiicted the llegall priinciiplle establliished by Pllessy v. Ferguson…
Marbury v. Madison
-The Uniited States Supreme Court affffiirmed its riight to determiine the constiitutiionalliity of congressiionall enactments…
-One of a series of landmark decisions by Chief Justice John Marshall which strengthened the federal government
Established the principle of judicial review
Supreme Court affirmed its right to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments.
-Gave the Supreme Court the right to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
Gibbons v. Ogden
-Chiieff Justiice John Marshallll asserted that onlly Congress, not the states, posessed the power to controll iinterstate commerce…
-John Marshall Chiief Justiice who probablly diid more than even Allexander Hamiillton to assure a powerffull centrall government iin the Ameriican polliitiicall and economiic system…
-Famous llegall diictum that the “power to tax iinvollves the power to destroy” came iin hiis deciisiion iin McCulllloch v… Marylland
-In McCulllloch v… Marylland, Giibbons v…Ogden, and Cohen v… Viirgiiniia, Chiieff Justiice John Marshallll’’s rulliings lliimiited the extent off states’’ riights…
Dred Scott Decision
(Dred Scott v. Sanford)
“…the descendants off Affriicans who were iimported iinto thiis country, and solld as sllaves…are not iinclluded, and were not iintended to be iinclluded, under the word ‘ciitiizens’’ iin the Constiitutiion, and can thereffore cllaiim none off the riights and priiviilleges whiich that iinstrument proviides ffor and secures to the ciitiizens off the Uniited States…”
-It stated that Black peoplle were not ciitiizens off the Uniited States…
Effffectiivelly repealled the MiissouriiCompromiise…
-Establliished the priinciipall that natiionall llegiisllatiion coulld not lliimiit the spread of sllavery iin the terriitoriies…
Korematsu v. United States
-Uphelld the constiitutiionalliity off the iinternment off Japanese Ameriicans as a wartiime necessiity…
Dartmouth Dartmouth College v. Woodward
-Supreme Court’’s deciisiion was used iin the future to assure corporatiions that theiir state charters coulld not be changed arbiitrariilly…
Charles River Bridge v. Warren
River Bridge (1837)
-Supreme Court iinfflluenced the diirectiion off the economy by rulliing that new enterpriises coulld not be restraiined by olld
charters…
Worcester v. Georgia
-“…John Marshallll has made hiis deciisiion; now llet hiim enfforce iit…” The above statement was made iin refference to Chiieff Justiice John Marshallll’’s rulliing concerniing the deciisiion off Georgiia to remove the Cherokees…
Wabash Case
-Supreme Court helld that states had no power to ffiix rates on raiillroads engaged iin interstate commerce overturniing the earlliier deciisiion iin Munn v… Illlliinoiis…
Supreme Court Supreme Court Cases (General)
-In the llate niineteenth and earlly twentiieth centuriies generalllly strengthened the posiitiion off biig busiiness…
Other Supreme Other Supreme Court Cases you
could see.
-Munn v… Illlliinoiis: state iimposed rates on graiin ellevators and raiillroads diid not viiollate owners riight to equall protectiion under the 14th Amendment…
-Mullller v… Oregon: Attorney Louiis Brandeiis used economiic and sociiollogiicall eviidence to argue the harmffull sociiall, physiicall, and economiic effffects off llong workiing hours ffor
women…
-Adkins v. Children’s Hospital: minimum wage laws interfered with an employer’s right to enter into contracts with employees.
-Insular Cases: Court ruled that the constitution does not necessarily “follow the flag.” In other words residents of overseas U.S. possessions are not necessarily protected by the U.S.
Constitution.
-Northern Securities Case: established the rule of reason. Anti-trust legislation should apply only to unreasonable restraint of trade.
-Schenck v. United States: federal government may limit civil liberties in times of national emergency.
-U.S. v. Butler: declared AAA unconstitutional on grounds that agriculture is intrastate commerce.
-Schecter Poultry Co. v. United States: Also known as the “Sick Chicken” case court ruled NRA unconstitutional. (decisions in Butler and Shecter contributed to FDR’s court restructuring plan.)
-Miiranda v… Ariizona: peoplle accused off criimes must be iinfformed off theiir riights at the tiime off theiir arrest…
-Scopes Trial Illllustrates the cullturall confflliict iin the 1920’’s between fundamentalliism and moderniism…</p>
<p>the grangers were part of the grange association–</p>
<p>the grange initially formed in 1867. it was an association of farmers that provided social activities and information about new farming techniques. some local grange organizations became involved in cooperative buying and selling.</p>
<p>hey does anyone know how much you need for the lowest five?
our class has been given exams but our teacher never told us the point
values and such.</p>
<p>president pierce signed the kansas nebraska bill
but anti nebraska meetings an petitions splintered the major parties in the north into popular sovereignty and free soil groups
the REPUBLICAN PARTY WAS FORMED AT THIS TIME, whose main slogan expressed the free soil position
THE WHIG PARTY DISAPPEARED
the nativist party attracted many whigs
james buchanan, who favored popular sovereignty, became president
the only political party with a presence in both and north the south was the democratic party</p>
<p>border ruffians- during bleeding kansas, these pro slavery people used names from bordering states as votes </p>
<p>dred scott- scott was a slave in missouri, traveled with his faster as a free man in illinois and michigan, he sued for his freedom in missouri
taney ruled that scott’s sojourn in free territory did not make thim free, that scott was not a citizen, that congress couldn’t prohibit slavery
this made the missouri compromise and the “no extension of slavery” unconstituitional</p>
<p>raid on harper’s ferry
john brown, a group of new england abolitionists financed him
“driven by god’s word”</p>
<p>lincoln
lincoln took the position that, although slavery should not go into the territories, he would not interfere where it already existed, gave the house divided speech</p>
<p>election 1860
democratas chose douglas who advocated popular sovereignty
southern democratic party chose breckinridge who called for a national salve code
ex whig john bell formed the constitutional union party to keep the union as it was
since lincoln won, the whole suthern tier voted for secession before lincoln took office</p>
It will make it less painful.</p>