<p>I was a TA here (mostly in the sciences) for a handful of semesters, so perhaps I can give a bit of insight regarding what types of things I saw most commonly lead to bad grades. I don’t necessarily know what <em>caused</em> these problems (did the student take really bad notes? sleep in class? misunderstand some fundamental result?), but can list what I saw on the tests/quizzes/assignments that ended up hurting the student.</p>
<p>In approximate decreasing order of prevalence…</p>
<p>1) Misapplication of a method (in math, at least, though I’m guessing this is also a major problem in engineering classes). If you’re going to use some technique, say Green’s Theorem (something from Multivariable Calculus), you’re going to need to make sure that your functions “P” and “Q” have continuous partial derivatives (which is often, but not always, the case). If the conditions aren’t met, you can’t always plug things in to the formula and hope it will still work.</p>
<p>2) Misunderstanding of a method. The Taylor expansion (calc II material) of sin(x) is </p>
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</p>
<p>so the expansion of sin(2x^2) must be</p>
<p><a href=“2x%5E2”>quote</a> - (2x^2)^3/3! + (2x^2)^5/5! - (2x^2)^7/7! + …
[/quote]
</p>
<p>as opposed to the incorrect</p>
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</p>
<p>3) Simply not knowing the material. There are occasionally people who just don’t know what they’re doing, and try to come up with their own method last minute. Unfortunately, I’ve seen this lead to calculations concluding that there’s a negative probability of a five-card-flush being dealt in a standard poker hand.</p>
<p>4) Not being prepared. The most obvious case of this is when students do not complete their homework assignments. Further, some Computer Science classes have lab blocks in which students need to complete various programming assignments relating to the course material (implement a basic spell checker using “Levenshtein distance”, for instance). Some students are fast programmers and can code up the entire assignment during lab. Others sometimes need a little more time, which is perfectly fine as long as they remember to start the assignment beforehand. Consistently not finishing the lab assignment, though, is going to hurt.</p>
<p>5) Sloppiness. For some reason, there are a bunch of very smart students who simply cannot go two problems without making some silly arithmetic/copying error. It’s painful to see a student solving a difficult problem correctly, save for the intermixed 2x9 = 16 and d/dx x = 0. Isolated cases generally don’t hurt grades, but the point deductions do pile up!</p>
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<p>Out of these, cases (3) and (4) are the ones I’d most attribute as needing some attitude change, whereas (1), (2), and (5) just require a some additional effort from the students to identify and fix (perhaps doing some odd-numbered textbook problems and checking one’s answer before any tests). </p>
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<p>Now on to some other parts of your post…</p>
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<p>According to this PDF, <a href=“http://www.rpi.edu/dept/cct/apps/reslife/images/Spring%202011%20GLC%20Overview%20RPI.pdf[/url]”>http://www.rpi.edu/dept/cct/apps/reslife/images/Spring%202011%20GLC%20Overview%20RPI.pdf</a> , the average campuswide GPA of last semester was a mildly amusing 3.14.</p>
<p>I don’t know of any sources that can give you the information by class year.</p>
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<p>Again, depends on the class. If you’re keeping up with the material, getting an A in classes like Gen Psych is not a problem. Getting that A in one (or two!) of Professor Kramer’s classes, though, is a toughie (I’m sure there are equivalents in other departments as well!).</p>