--- US History Subject Test Review Thread ---

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>expansion, conflict and compromise 1820-1850</p>

<p>free labor- worker can leave whenever he or she wishes
free soil- west should be free of slavery, in 1846 david wilmot wrote the proviso that there shall be no involuntary slavery or servitude in any territory from mexico
manifest destiny- impetus for mexican war</p>

<p>intro
growing economic divisions between north and south</p>

<p>roots
north growing faster, no irish need apply signs, germans warmer welcome
north expanded free labor while south expanded slave labor</p>

<p>slavery and congress
abolitionists mounted petition campaigns to abolish slavery in washington dc, southern congressmen were opposed to this, democrats passed a gag rule</p>

<p>political parties
nominating conventions used, which had been developed by the anti-masonicparty
american party was a vicious, anti immigrant, anti catholic group, members were the know-nothings</p>

<p>abolitionists
democrats instructed postmasters to block abolitionist mail
a group of political abolitionists split the american anti slavery society, forming the liberty party</p>

<p>texas
mexico invited us into state of texas, americans violated mexican antislavery laws and refused to assimilate
texas won independence from mexico 1836 “lone star republic”</p>

<p>1840 and 1844 election
john tyler became president after harrison died
polk won against clay slogan was 54 40 for fight to annex the oregon territory, democratic congress voted to annex texas</p>

<p>manifest destiny
americans would bring democracy to a larger number of people and a greater expanse of land</p>

<p>mexican war
polk trie dto buy california from mexico, mexicans refused, they considered teh neuces river the proper border
polk sent zach taylor into the disputed area
mexicans attacked, polk delcared that they had attacked americans on “american soil”
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo in 1848 gave california, texas, new mexico, arizona, nevada, utah to us, paid 15 million, called the mexican cession</p>

<p>free soilers
wilmot proviso-no extension of slavery</p>

<p>compromise of 1850
gold in california
gold discovered in california, settlers wrote a free state constitution, admission of california would tip the balance of free and slave states</p>

<p>clay’s compromise
california would be admitted as a free state
slavery would remain in washington dc but the slave trade would end
new mexico and utal would have no restrictions on slavery
fugitive slave law would be enforced</p>

<p>webster supported this, calhoun predicted taht the union would dissolve unless an amendment was passed that would give the south a veto over sectional questions
stephen douglas arranged for separate votes on each aspect of the compromise, new whig president, millard fillmore was elected</p>

<p>summary
clashes portended war
acquiring territory was producing conflicts among whites, compromise of 1850 was a cease fire</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>yepp =]</p>

<p>girl here btw</p>

<p>growth slavery and reform 1800-1850</p>

<p>abolitionism- movement to end slavery, immediate abolitionism advocated ending slvaery everywhere and refused to cooperate with the political process
gradual abolitionism advocated freeing slaves at teh age of 21 who were born after a certain date
artisan- skilled worker who learned his trade from a master as an apprentice
assmbly line- method of mass production whereby the products are moved from worker to worker
colonization- position advocating sending free blacks to liberia in africa
cotton gin- allowed cotton cultivation to spread, enabling slavery to move
culture of the wuarters- traditions of the field hands who lived in the slave quarters
interchangeable parts- eli whitney, mass production
planter- man who owned 20 plus slaves
short staple cotton- grew in the black belt of the south, an area with dark soil, not profitable until the cotton gin</p>

<p>intro
upheavals in modes of transportation, industry, agriculture</p>

<p>growth
the south
cotton gin separated seeds from cotton fiber, slave south grew from six to 15 states by 1860, by 1840, the us was producing 60 percent of the world’s cotton</p>

<p>north
more growth
population of NYC grew alot, more jobs and opportunities in the north, immigrants flocked to teh north and west</p>

<p>transportation revolution
roads, steamboats, canals, transportation revolution, national road, fulton’s steamboat, erie canal connected nyc
jobs grew, market revolution was the explosion of jobs and consumer goods, requiring farmers to specialize in grain or dairy, forcing artisans to compete with assembly line producting, making products cheapter
lowell system in massachusetts</p>

<p>inventions
mccormick’s mechanical reaper, and john deere’s steel plow set the stage for agricultural expansion
seving machine garment industry, railroad came, telegraph, assembly lines, interchangeable parts</p>

<p>slavery
slaveholders
cotton production moved west, slaves were sold to the lower south, breaking up families, black belt contributed to cotton production</p>

<p>slaves
more than half worked in cotton (4 million)
field hands developed their own culture, slave sabotage was widespread, running away occured with frequency</p>

<p>reform
second great awakening
finney’s movement, western new york came to be called the burned over district in the 1820s, finney led long tent meetings converting people</p>

<p>social reforms
“benevolent empire” horace mann campaigned for public schools, 1843 dix improve treatment of mentally ill, temperance movement, seneca falls convention in new york</p>

<p>antislavery strategies
garrison founded american anti slavery society in 1833
black newspaper editor david walker wrote an appeal to the coloured citizens of the work, both opposed colonization strategy
nat turner’s slave rebellion</p>

<p>literature
emerson, transcendentalist movement, thoreau, whitman, melville, hawthorne, american renaissance</p>

<p>summary
age of the common man, extraordinary level of political activity by ordinary men and women, increasing harshness of slavery, removal of indians, market economy growth
eerie canal connected northeast to west</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>jacksonian democracy *** 1824-1836</p>

<p>compact theory- constitution was created by the states and so the states could dissolve it, confederate states supported this
internal improvements- building of canals, railroads, turnpikes, part of american plan
spoils system- victorious candidates distributing government jobs to friends and supporters
specie circular- silver and gold, hard money</p>

<p>introduction
andrew jackson defended the common man
three major issues included the the national bank, native american rights, consitutional nature of federal power</p>

<p>1824 election
john quincy adams assumed he would be the leading candidate for the republican nomination,
andrew jackon “old hickory” from tennessee
won a plurality of both popular vote and electoral vote, thrown into house of reps, adams came in second to jackson
clay supported adams, adams won by one vote, corrupt bargain
adams agreed with clay’s american plan, which would provide internal improvements '</p>

<p>1828 election
jackson won, spoils system born</p>

<p>indian removal
indian removal act of 1830 deportation of indians into oklahoma, 17000 cherokee worcester v georgia- marshall ruled that cherokees were an independent nation, jackson challenged marshall to enforce his ruling
georgia removed the cherokee in 1838 with the federal troops, trial of tears</p>

<p>bank war
state versus federal power
jackson attacked second bank of us, bank kept currency stable and issued loans to entrepreneurs, back charter renewal passed with democratic support but jackson vetoed the bank bill, claiming it was an economic monopoly
bank war escalated</p>

<p>king andrew
those in opositition to jacksonian democrats called themselves national republicans, soon after, they called themselves whigs</p>

<p>panic of 1837
upon his return to office, jackson began to take the federal deposits out of the bank, placing them in state banks
interest rates soared, worthless paper notes were everywhere
jackson issued a specie circular, which requried taht all western lands be paid fo with precious metal, but hard currency could not cover teh overheated market in the west
lack of sound money produced panic of 1837</p>

<p>nullification and slavery
south carolina
calhoun wrote south carolina exposition and protest against tariff of 1828, called it the tariff of abominations
calhoun a former supporter of the american plan, turned sectionalist</p>

<p>webster hayne debate
mass senator webster forced hayne to debate over slavery and nullification
hayne argued for compact theory, webster proved that controversy over the tariff and nullification was a stand in for a debate over slavery and secession
webster denounced slavery</p>

<p>nullification crisis
sc nullified tariff of 1832, jackson dounced this act as secession and treason, in his force bill, jackson threatened to send troops and arranged to collect that tariff in the sea
clay sponsored a substitute tariff which provided for gradual reduction in the rates, sc accepted this compromise of 1833</p>

<p>summary
clay, a whig slaveholder, arranged the compromise of 1833, while webster, also a whig, fought relentlessly against nullification
calhoun, for the democrats, threatened nullification to defend the interests of the peculiar institution, jackson defended federal power against nullification but arranged teh dispossession of the indians and destroyed the bank-both against the ruling of the supreme court</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>republicans in power**** 1800-1824</p>

<p>impressment- policy used by the british before the war of 1812 wherein the british stopped us vessels and removed sailors from them to be used on british naval vessels, also used to a limited extent by the french during this same period
interstate commerce- trade between states, power to regulate interstate commerce is delegated to the congress
intrastate commerce- trade within a state, states have power to regulate
judicial review- supreme court has power to review laws passed by congress to determine whether they are consistent with the constitution
supreme court can nullify laws or presidential actions</p>

<p>intro
thomas jefferson elected, federalist burr vice president
revolution of 1800, election of jefferson marked a peaceful transition of government from the federalist party to the republican party, in the end, jefferson acted more like a federalist</p>

<p>domistic affairs
“wise and frugal government” states’ rights
james madison as secretary of state, gallatin as secretary of the treasury
replaced many federalist office holders with republicans, allowed alien and sedition acts to expire, retired public debt, reduced army, improved state militias</p>

<p>ignored john adams’ midnight appointments to the federal courts
marbury v madison 1803- john adams tried to fill the federal courts with federalist judges, james madison refused to deliver the appointments, william marbury sued madison, marshall expanded the power of the court</p>

<p>bank of united staets remained undisturbed, jefferson supported the four pillars of prosperity-manufacturing, commerce, navigation, agriculture</p>

<p>louisiana purchase 1803 from france, used elastic clause, lewis and clark expedition, us doubled in size</p>

<p>foreign affairs
nonintervention, barbary pirates, continual harrassment of america ships by england and france, chesapeake was attacked, embargo act of 1807 us ships not permitted to leave us harbors, interfered with trade and commerce</p>

<p>war of 1812
james madison won presidency, us moved closer to war, napoleon tricked madison into believe that france would end its harassmetn of america at sea when he agreed to macon’s bill no. 2, according to macon’s bill the us was to resume trade with the first nation, either england or france, that pledged to end its harassment of us shipping</p>

<p>reasons for declaration of war against britain
war hawks saw war with england as a way to conquer canada
unhappy with indians, indians were defeated at the battle of tippecanoe by harrison, tecumseh attempted to form a confederation of tribes to fight the advances of the whites
anti britsh feeling increased with impressment</p>

<p>us unprepared for the war
british gained control of ohio valley and burnt washington dc
star stangled banner was writetn after teh american victory at fort mchenry
new england opposed the war, ironically, feared the dimishment of their power in congress as new western states were admitted to the union
hartford convention- 1814 new england states met to propose amendments to the constitution, war was already over by this time, resulted in a hostile reaction from the rest of the country and the death of the federalist party</p>

<p>1814 treaty of ghent- status quo
“mr madison’s war”
opened the way for a new relationship between england and the united states, rush bagot treaty was signed, fortification of great lakes
northern boundary of louisiana set, us and england agreed to jointly occupy the oregon territory for 10 years
embargo led to development of us industries, country looked within itself for goods and services
adams onis treaty-purchase of florida 1819
“second war of independence” new spirit of nationalism</p>

<p>era of good feelings
american system
monroe, a republican, became president, us grew from within, henry clay’s american system, protective tariffs
tariff of 1816, tariff of 1828 high
national road from maryland to illinois
erie canal built 1825, second bank of the united states chartered, paper money issued</p>

<p>john marshall and supreme court
marbury v madison
fletcher v pech- state law unconstitutional
dartmouth college v woodward- states cannot interfere with contracts
mccullock v maryland- states couldn’t tax a federal thing
gibbons v ogden- federal government power to regulate interstate commerce</p>

<p>monroe doctrine
fear that spain and portugal would try to regain colonies
states that;
americas were closed to colonization
us would not interfere with already existing colonies in the americas
us would not interfere in european affairs
actions taken by europeans to colonize the western hemisphere would be considered dangerous by the united states
monroe doctrine disturbed european nations, none took action against this policy</p>

<p>missouri compromise
issue of slavery became a national issue when missouri applied for admission into the union as a slave state, would have affected the balance of power in the senate
main free and missouri slave state, slavery forbidden north of 36 30 parallel, preserved the union</p>

<p>summary
republicans who led the united states from 1800 to 1824 guided the country though further growth and development, development of nationalism, country turned inward for a few decades as it completed its manifest destiny to expand westward and occupy the lands from the atlantic to the pacific</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p><strong><em>the federalist era</em></strong></p>

<p>cabinet- body of advisors to head of state
excise tax- added to price of goods
loose constructionist- broad interpretation of constitution
protective tariff- imports
strict constructionist- constitution must be interpreted word by word
tariff- tax on imports, advocated by hamilton to pay for internal improvements and protect industry</p>

<p>intro
george washington first president, unanimously elected
john adams vice president</p>

<p>washington’s administration 1789-1797
federalists supported strong central government
country was sectional, hamilton engineered the country toward greater unity
washington defined the persident’s role, confronted with need to establish a judiciary and a viable economic system, organize a system of defense, response to french revolution</p>

<p>domestic accomplishments
cabinet- became part of the unwritten constitution
thomas jefferson-secretary of state
hamilton- secretary of treasury
knox- secretary of war
randolph- attorney general</p>

<p>1789 judiciary act passed organized the federal court system</p>

<p>hamilton’s financial program- establish credit of united states, united states was to pay off foreign and domestic debt through and exchange of old bonds for new ones, assume states’ debt, gave bondholders a stake, money was to be raised through excise taxes and tariff on imports to develop trade and commerce</p>

<p>bank of united states established, owned by private investors</p>

<p>thomas jefferson reacted negatively, advocate of states’ rights, bank favored the north and not the south
jefferson was a strict constitutionist, hamilton compromised with jefferson to establish the nation’s capital on the potomac river
mcculloch v maryland upheld constituionality of the bank
whiskey rebellion occured when pennsylvania farmers refused to pay the tax, washington sent out troops to crush the rebellion, the government demonstrated its power to enforce the law</p>

<p>political parties, antifeds vs democratic-republicans</p>

<p>foreign affairs
french revolution 1789 divided the people of the united states
democratic republicans were sympathetic to the french, federalists supported great britain
washington issued the proclamation of neutrality in 1793 which declared that the us favored neither england nor france</p>

<p>citizen genet tried to recuit americans into the french army for invading spanish florida and louisiana
british ignored us neutrality, impressment of us servicemen
incited indians in the northwest</p>

<p>john jay sent to negotiate a treaty, british promised to withdraw its forces from us soil and pay damages for the seizure of american ships
us promised to pay debts owed to british merchants, treaty was unpopular in teh united states, no agreement on impressment and freedom of the seas</p>

<p>spanish feared that british and americans were planning an alliance, they negotiated pickney’s treaty, where spain gave up land east of mississippi, and north of florida with the thirty first parallel as the northern boundary of florida, mississippi river was also opened up to american traders</p>

<p>problem with indians in the ohio valley, conflict between us and miami confederacy, in the battle of fallen timbers, the indians were crushed, treaty of greenville, miami confederacy gave up their claims to the ohio country</p>

<p>washington retired, john adams elected</p>

<p>john adams admin
john adams was elected, jefferson vp, awkward because adams was a federalist and jefferson a democratic republican</p>

<p>continuing english and french problems
adams sent delegation to french minister talleyrand, french demanded 250000 dollars, this XYZ affiar infuriated the people in the united states, us marine corps was established</p>

<p>jeffersonian republicans opposed the idea of war with france
adams tried to negotiate with france, successful in the signing of the convention of 1900, franco american alliance was dissolved, us agree to pay for damages to us shipping, considered a sellout by federalists
cost adams the presidency in the election of 1800, saved the country from a destructive war</p>

<p>domestic affairs
to weaken the democratic republicans and their vocal opposition to adams and the federalists, congress passed the alien and sedition acts
naturalization act required that a person must be in the us for 14 years before becoming a citizen, since most immigrants were democratic republicans, this act reduced their ranks
alien act-have president eh power to deport foreigners
sedition act-no language to stir discontent</p>

<p>response of democratic republicans came in the form of the virginia and kentucky resolutions, writen by madison and jefferson, stated that the constitution was a compact between the states and the central government
kentucky resolution stated that the state was able to declare a law null and void and therefore, unenforcable, nullification doctrine</p>

<p>summary
political lines had been drawn
the alien and sedition acts and the virginia and kentucky resolutions had demonstrated the difference in the philosophy and thinking between federalists and democratic republicans, doctrine of nullification became the cornerstone of the civil war</p>

<p>efforts of washington and adams to keep the united states out of war with france and england bought valuable time for the country to grow and develop a better defensive position</p>

[Pinkstarcloud]

<p>Thanks! That was helpful.</p>

<p>Salutory neglect anyone?</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>experiments in government 1781-1789****</p>

<p>bicameral legislature- twp houses
checks and balances- separation of powers
confederation- government characterized by a loose alliance of states
delegated powers- specifically stated powers in the constitution, aka enumerated powers
division of powers- power distributed between central and local governments
elastic clause- necessary or implied powers
reserved powers act- provides that any powers not given to the central government are powers that the states are granted
separation of powers- three branches of government have checks and balances
unicameral legislature- one house or chamber</p>

<p>intro
new hampshire ninth state to ratify the consitution
threatened dissolution
willingness of founding fathers to compromise for the sake of the union allowed for the successful completion of this task</p>

<p>articles of confederation
articles of confederation 1781, weaknesses, no provisions for an executive branch, lacked the ability to enforce laws, no power to collect taxes, raise an army, coin money or regulate interstate commerce</p>

<p>congress was a unicameral legislature, a unanimous vote was required to amend the articles</p>

<p>artcles successfully negotiated treaty of paris, land ordinance, northwest was divided into townships</p>

<p>northwest ordinance of 1787 important
no less than 3 or more than 5 states were to be formed in the northwest territory
when one of the territories had 60000 inhabitants it could become a state
religion wast to be practiced freely
indians were to be treated with good faith
slavery was porhibited</p>

<p>writing of the constitution
shay’s rebellion
farmer rebellion, demanded cheap paper money, reduced taxes, suspension of mortgage foreclosures, local rebellion against mass government, which used the taxes to pay off debts from the revolution
fear that this type of uprising might spread, founding fathers encouraged a meeting to discuss the weakness of the articles of confederation
constitutional convention in philadelphia to revise articles
shay’s rebellion served as a catalyst for change</p>

<p>bundle of compromises
madison was the “father of the constitution” washington led the convention
determined that the articles were ineffective, elected to establish a federal system of governemnt in which there would be a division of powers between the states and central government
executive, legislative, judicial branch, checks and balacnes
elastic clause included</p>

<p>great compromise- new jersey and virginia plan, provided for a bicameral legislature with senate and house of reps</p>

<p>three fifths compromise- southern states favored the inclusion of slaves in the population count, northern states desired the exclusion of slaves
nearly cause the collapse of the convention, every 5 slaves were to be counted as 3 white men, each slave counted as three fifths of a person for purposes of representation and taxation</p>

<p>commerce and slave trade compromise
congress should have power to regulate foreign trade, congress was forbidden to intefere with slave trade or tax exports, import tax, need for unity among the states outweighed the need for abolition of slavery</p>

<p>other provisions
electoral college elect president and vice president, prevent mobocracy, constitution was to take effect upon ratification by 9/13 states</p>

<p>debate over ratification
antifederalists such as patrick henry and samuel adams felt that the constitution compromised the goals of the american revolution and gave too much power to the central government, lack of bill of rights
federalists defended the constitution, the federalist papers published
holdout states were virginina, ny, nc, and rhode island</p>

<p>bill of rights
1791 first ten amendments
amendment x provided for protection of states’ rights
reserved power clause</p>

<p>summary
constitution created a “more perfect union” no longer a “firm league of friendship”
many were disappointed, others embraced it
government moved forward under washington’s guidance</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>american war for independence</p>

<p>intro
english colonies began the process of severing their ties with england
founding fathers proceeded to draft a formal declaration of independence
british practice of mercantilism infuriated the colonists</p>

<p>protest
conflict revolved around political power and taxation
john locke had ideas of government that dealt with popular consent and limitation of power
colonists believed they had certain basic rights as englishmen
brits argued that colonists were represented by virtual representation
colonists desired actual representation</p>

<p>planters and merchants were upset with economic restraints, mercantile system, colony existed for the good of the mother country
restrictions on trade that hurt colonial business</p>

<p>social discontent, nonpropertied class and poorer groups viewed revolution as a way to acquire more land and a greater say in government
immigrants had no loyalty to british crown
national consciousness</p>

<p>british action and control
1651 navigation acts restricted colonial trade, forbidden to export to any country other than england
molasses act taxed molasses, colonists smuggled</p>

<p>goerge III wanted greater control over colonies</p>

<p>under grenville, the sugar act passed, placing a tax on sugar, molasses, textiles, coffee, iron and other goods imported to the colonies, british began to enforce the laws
currency act forbade colonies from issuing their own paper money</p>

<p>quartering act passed by which the colonists were directed to provide barracks and supplies for british troops</p>

<p>stamp act 1765, direct tax, colonists issued that declaration of rights and grievances, asserted that british should not try colonial cases is admiralty courts</p>

<p>stand act congress met “taxation without representation is tyranny” enacted a non importation agreement, a boycott of british goods
sons of liberty were formed to disseminate information
british repealed the stamp act, then passed the declatory act</p>

<p>townshend acts= tax on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea, colonists were enraged and refused to pay the tax</p>

<p>boston smuggled tea into the city
british issued the writes of assistance which allowed for search of colonial homes, boston massacre</p>

<p>townshend acts repealed on items except for tea</p>

<p>colonists formed committees of correspondence to spread propaganda</p>

<p>tea act was an agreement between the british and the east india company that allowed the latter to sell tea directly to the colonies, price of tea was reduced, colonial tea merchants bankrupt
boston tea party boycott tea, dump into boston harbor</p>

<p>resulted in the intolerable acts- closing of boston harbor, suspension of town meetings in mass, suspension of the charter of mass, quartering, trials of british officials to take place in england, placement of general gage to enforce laws</p>

<p>quebec act- guaranteed the french in canada religious freedom</p>

<p>first continental congress in philadelphia to determine the response by the colonists</p>

<p>brits attacked lexington and concord in 1775</p>

<p>second continental congress convened, thomas paine wrote common sense, in which he argued that the colonies were destined to be independent</p>

<p>declaration of independence***
thomas jefferson, ben franklin, john adams, livingston, sherman
borrowed from ideas of john locke and the enlightenment
government obtained its power from the consent of the governed, and that when it failed to exercise the willl of the people, the people had right to overthrow it
list of grievances against george III was issued</p>

<p>war of independence
colonies entered this war without a military, navy, soldiers, had a home advantage and a cause
gorge washington was commander, battle of saratoga american victory convinced the french to give recognition to the colonies and provide aid
british surrendered at yorktown in 1781, british sought peace</p>

<p>treaty of paris
established the boundaries of the united states
allowed british to retain control of canada, florida was given to spain
required that colonists return the property of loyalists and permitted the british to collect debt owed to them
allowed americans to share teh fisheries in newfoundland
unresolved issues led to war of 1812</p>

<p>summary
colonies came of age, “the revolution was effected before the war commenced. The revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people.”</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>colonial society 1700s
democracy- a system of government in which the power to rule comes from the people
direct democracy- people vote on the actions of the government rather than electing reps
social mobility- ability of people to move within the social framework of a society
universal suffrage- condition when all adults in a democracy are granted the right to vote</p>

<p>intro
1750 new colonists, non british immigrants created diversity, other groups included scots irish, germans, irish, scottish, welsh, dutch, french, african slaves were highest number of immigrants
salutary neglect practiced after william and mary ascended left the colonists free to develop in their own style</p>

<p>colonial society by 1750
definite class structure
socially mobile society, slaves, blacks and women were not included</p>

<p>role of clergy and tradition
westward, influence of religion diminished
religious revival 1730s to 1740s great awakening began in massachusetts, edwards’ sinners in the hands of an angry god, george whitefield
diminished the role of the anglican clergy, who split into the old lights and the new lights
led to new religions
led to new light universities such as princeton, brown, rutgers, dartmouth
brought american theology to europe through the teaching of edwards
involved all areas of the american colonies</p>

<p>slavery
1619 first brought to thte colonies, middle passage across the atlantic ocean was harsh
triangular trade, molasses and sugar from west indies to northern colonies, rum sold in west africa in exchange for slaves
rhode island became the largest trader of slaves, although it had little need for them</p>

<p>development of industry
90 percent agriculture, growth of cities such as boston, new york, charles town
spinning, weaving, lumbering, naval stores
colonists looked to trade with other countries, british tried to control commerce</p>

<p>political development
colonial asemblies, colonies enjoyed the power of the purse, the governors were paid by the colonists, town meeting in new england was direct democracy
peter zenger, the publisher of a newspaper that criticized the government of new york, was arrested for libel, not guilty, freedom of the press, royal judges had opposing opinions</p>

<p>education and culture
boys mostly, colleges trained ministers, ben franklin published his poor richard’s almanac</p>

<p>french and indian war 1754-1763
seven years war erupted between france and england
resulted in france’s removal from canada
french captured washington
ben franklin proposed the albany plan of union to ward off the french threat, designed as a defensive union for the colonists to ward off the french threat, plan was to allow the colonists to raise money from taxes for their defense and to deal with the indian problems and settlement of western lands
it was rejected by many colonies which balked at giving up control of western lands</p>

<p>1763 treaty of paris
england received india and all of the land in north america east of the mississippi
french threat had been removed, spain was stripped of florida</p>

<p>results
with the french threat gone, the colonists were eager to settle new lands across teh appalachian mountains, this led to problems with indians
pontiac led an attack against british posts in the ohio valley
to avoid problems with indians, the british government passed the proclamation of 1763, prohibiting colonists from settling land beyond the appalachian mountains and required those settlers there to already leave, colonists were furious
colonists found they shared common interests and goals
british’s significant struggle with the french proved it was possible to defeat them
british treasury was depleted, and england was looking to the colonies to share some of the burden, colonists felt no obligation
valuable military experience was gained by the colonists</p>

<p>summary
colonies emerged as self reliant, independent minded entities whose people enjoyed the freedoms that distance provided
change in the realtionship between england and colonies, increased involvement of british in colonial affairs led to the events that culminated in the american revolution</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>***the colonial period 1600-1700</p>

<p>headright system- land policy developed in virginia and maryland designed to encourage settlement in the new world, promised 50 acres to any person who paid his own passage, indentured servants were brought this way</p>

<p>indentured servants- person entered into a contract for a specified period of time with another in exchange for the payment of his or her passage to the new world</p>

<p>joint stock company- developed in england wherein a group of investors pooled their money to fiinance exploration of the new world, the investor would receive a portion of the profits based on the number of shares</p>

<p>patroonship- large, plantation style farm established by the dutch</p>

<p>primogeniture- granting the firstborn son the right to inheritance</p>

<p>proprietary colony- settled by investors, governor chose by properitors</p>

<p>royal colony- controlled by the king</p>

<p>salutary neglect- british policy of 17th century in which they were lax in teh enforcement of laws, after the french and indian war, this changed</p>

<p>self governing colony- self governing (duh) lol</p>

<p>theocracy- government in which the religious leaders rule, a church state</p>

<p>intro
defeat of spanish armada by the british marked the beginning of the decline of spain as a world power, sparked a feeling of nationalism within england
british population had been steadily increasing, creating widespread economic hardships, new world presented a greater opportunity to acquire land and wealth
movement of enclosing land for sheep grazing, many farmers became tenants, working the land for landlords. for these tenant farmers, the new world offered them economic relief and the possibility of owning their own land
an economic depression in the wool industry in england led to overcrowding of the cities
british difficulties with the irish ended
primogeniture encouraged many young men to seek their fortunes in the new world
british sought markets
protestant reformation led people to the new world in search of religious freedom</p>

<p>early colonial settlements
proprietary colony, royal colony or a self governing colony</p>

<p>jamestown
1607 virginia company, a joint stock company received a charter from james I to settle the new world, most were single men seeking gold, faced disease, malnutrition, starvation, captain john smith saved them, hostility between indians and settlers diminished through pocahantas
anglo powhatan war in 1922, powhatans treated harshly by the english, lost land, segreated from white population</p>

<p>plymouth colony
separatists puritans wanted to practice their religion without the threat of james I, mayflower, mayflower compact signed, william bradford became governor
plymouth was a thriving community, decent relationship with natives, wampanoag indians befriended the new england colonists with the help of squanto</p>

<p>southern colonies</p>

<p>virginia
grew out of jamestown, warm, fertile soil, leading producer of tobacco, one crop economy
headright system for labor because growing tobacco was labor intensive
1676, group of freedmen led by bacon protested native american policies of governer Berkeley. they felt that he was too lenient toward the indians. the colonists began to turn to slaves for labor needs. bacon’s rebellion turned the tide toward large scale slavery in virginia</p>

<p>african slavery mostly in barbados, developed slowly in english colonies, virginia imported slaves from the west indies
virginia house of burgesses organized in 1619 to run government</p>

<p>maryland
lord baltimore, proprietary colony, catholic haven, headright system
many protestants arrived, maryland act of toleration was passed, offering religious toleration to all christians, denied freedom to jews and athiests</p>

<p>carolina
proprietary colony for supplying food to sugar plantations in barbados and silk, wine and olive oil to england, humid climate
rice cash crop, indigo
barbados slave codes established, placed the salve under the control of the master, became basis of property slavery</p>

<p>north carolina
large plantations, movement of smaller farmers northward led to establishment of north carolina
irreligious, defiant, rugged mountain terrain, small farms, less need for slave labor</p>

<p>georgia
las english colony, oglethorpe sought to create a refuge for imprisoned debtors, used also as a defenseive buffer from the spanish and french, religious toleration to all except for catholics</p>

<p>new england colonies
growth in education, thriving economies, less demand for slavery</p>

<p>massachusetts bay colony - “bible commonwealth” founded by puritans, royal charter, great migration, 70000 people left england for the new world
john winthrop established a theocracy, calvinist church, only saints allowed membership
protestant work ethic, anne hutchinson was banished when she challenged the belief that a holy life was a sign of salvation
supersitious, salem witch trials, class differences</p>

<p>rhode island
roger williams banished from massachusetts bay because he wanted separation of church and state, manhood suffrage
known for is freedom of opportunity and separation of church and state, ironically, they became the leading importers of african slaves</p>

<p>connecticut
hartford, new haven, hooker, fundamental orders of connecticut became the first written consitution in the new world, blue laws dictated how people should behave</p>

<p>new hampshire
royal charter, later absorbed by mass bay colony, fishing, shipbuilding, fur trade</p>

<p>new england and unity
new england confederation
pequot indians attacked settlers along connecticut river, english slaughtered the pequots
new england confederation esbliashed a colonial defense against indians, dutch, french
indians tried to unify under metacom</p>

<p>dominion of new england
made by british crown, led by andros, restricted town meetings, controlled courts, press, schools, navigation acts, taxed
william and mary implemented salutar neglect, dominion collapsed</p>

<p>middle colonies
characteristics of new england and south</p>

<p>new york
dutch west india company, new netherlands, patroonships, cosmopolitan area, duke of york given this land by charles II</p>

<p>pennsylvania
quakers, pacifism, william penn, friendly relationship with indians due to compensatory land policies, philadelphia was the city of brotherly love</p>

<p>new jersey
duke of york granted an area of new york to two properietors, sold to quakers</p>

<p>delaware
three counties, founded by swedes, walking purchase</p>

<p>summary
geographical conditions, motivations for settlement, religious values contributed to the variety of political, social, economic developments in the colonies, as intercolonial trade developed and the british implemented a policy of salutary neglect, foundation for the future conflicts between england and the colonies began to form
major crops in the southern colonies were sold as exports</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>triumph of conservatism 1980-1992</p>

<p>bailouts- supplying government support for corporations when they are in financial trouble
family values- advocated by republicans
gender gap- women more likely to vote democrat
independent counsel- persecutor chosen by three judges to investigate wrongdoing in the executive branch, established after watergate
supply side economics- tax cuts for the rich, money trickles down</p>

<p>intro
reagan was the great communicator and the teflon president, good ratings, rally for family values, stage set for an assault on liberalism, no big government </p>

<p>1980 election
took place during iran hostage crisis, reagan against carter, goerge bush vice president, reagan seemed decisive</p>

<p>reaganomics
supply side economics encourage the rich to invest their money in new production, create jobs, increase revenue, balance the budget, prosperity of the people at the top of society would trickle down to the poor
caused national debt to soar, cuts in federal spending left states and cities desperate for money</p>

<p>income disparities
yuppies born not seen since gilded age, business mergers made money for stockholders while creating job losses, large numbers of banks failed after the real estate market went sour</p>

<p>attack on unions
refused to negotiate with the professional air traffic controllers’ organization, which had gone on strike for better wages and reduced work hours, competition with japan, germany, korea created low wage positions in the service industry</p>

<p>health and the environment
AIDS discovered, campaign to reduce drug use</p>

<p>supreme court
scalia to head the supreme court, believe in original intention, a concept claiming that a justice could know the ideas of the constitution framers and had no authority to change these
sandra day o conner first woman justice</p>

<p>foreign policy
greatest triumphs
gorbachev introduced perestroika and glasnot, creating a democratic ferment
reagan welcomed this new openess, reagan called for the star wars missile buildup in space, which forced the ussr to keep pace with american arms buildup</p>

<p>iran contra affair
scandal comparable to watergate
national security counctil developed a scheme to arrange the release of hostages in lebanon and give aid to communist contras in nicaragua
reagan violated the pledge to not negotiate with terrorists, and the boland amendment</p>

<p>1988 election
george bush called the supply side policies voodoo economics
geraldine ferraro first women vp candidate
bush promised no new taxes, ran with quayle, liberals were now objects of derision
desert storm-saddam forced out of kuwait, new world order proclaimed since communism had fallen</p>

<p>bush legacy
clarence thomas appointed supreme court justice, accused of rape
federal debts increased, had to raise taxes</p>

<p>summary
wide fluctuations in the economy in the age of reagan, rich were voting overwhelmingly for republicans, unemployment high, debt skyrocketed</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>politics and society 1968-1980****</p>

<p>backlash- response of whites to civil rights movement and the urban riots, the formerly solid democratic south started voting republican following the gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and many whites sent their kids to private school, attitudes about african americans taking advantage of affirmative action and welfare became widespread among whites</p>

<p>consciousness raising groups- method employed by feminists in which women would exchange experiences of discrimination, read radical analyses of oppression, develop an understanding that the patriarchal society was causing their lack of advancement “the personal in political”</p>

<p>pro choice- favors abortion</p>

<p>pro life-opposes abortion</p>

<p>second wave of feminism- first wave was in the 1830s with stanton, anthony, mott
second wave, which advocated same ideas (except suffrage) came in 1960s included friedan, steinem, brownmiller, millet</p>

<p>stagflation- inflation and unemployment</p>

<p>white flight</p>

<p>intro
antiwar movement brought down lbj, made the reporters and congress pursue nixon in watergate
nixon’s anger at the student bums and his adult enemies were motivations for the watergate conspiracies, there was a turn to the right</p>

<p>desegregation of schools
segregation was still a reality, half of children attended segregated schools in the north, in boston a backlash produced an opposition to busing for racial balance, white flight produced black majorities in the cities, leaving a deteriorating tax base, poor schools, inadequate services</p>

<p>supreme court decisions
new justice was burger, furman v georgia declared death penalty unconstitutional, roe v wade legalized abortion, regents granted the use of affirmative action</p>

<p>feminism
millet’s sexual politics described the oppression of housewives, friedan’s the feminine mystique lent ammunition to the movement
NOW established, more women as physicians, bus drivers, telephone operators</p>

<p>equal rights amendment
1972, stated that the equality of rights under law shall not be abridged by the united states, only 35 of 38 necessary states passed it</p>

<p>fight over abortion
pro choice won roe v wade on the basis of the fourth amendment right of privacy
pro life opposition claims that abortion was murder, religion viewpoint</p>

<p>environment
first earth day 1970, silent spring by carson, population bomb by ehrlich
these warnings were difference from the call for the preservation for natural beauty and space for recreated advocated by TR
congress passed a clean air act and established the environmental protection agency</p>

<p>economy
nixon new federalism program to reduce the size of the federal government, provided block grants to states, allowing them to decide how money was to be spend, inflation that started as a result of the vietnam war produced high prices and high unemployment, oil embargo by OPEC created an energy crisis</p>

<p>foreign affairs
nixon expert on foreign affiars, excluding vietnam, ping pong diplomacy with china exploited the rift between ussr and china
detente, or a lessening of tensions in the cold war was to reduce the balance of terror with the ussr and other nuclear powers
antiballistic missile treaty and the strategic arms limitation treaty
israel fought egypt and other arab nations in the six day war, and the yom kippur war, kissinger did shuttle diplomacy, but not before us support of israel prompted an arab oil embargo</p>

<p>watergate scandal
scheme to create the biggest win possible in the 1972 election
CREP bugged the offices of the democratic party campaign headquarters in teh watergate hotel
scandal involved hundreds of thousands of dollar sin payoffs for silence, stolen info, planting of false info</p>

<p>nixon and watergate
in the smoking gun tape, nixon ordered the cia to stop an fbi investigation into watergate, nixon claimed that executive privilege permitted him to withhold the tapes, us v nixon-court ruled against the president</p>

<p>nixon and ford
nixon resigned, ford became president, vp agnew resigned, ford pardoned nixon and shocked the country</p>

<p>carter administration
democrat, promised never to lie to the american people, and to cute government spending, deregulated the airline industry, poor ratings</p>

<p>foreign affairs
negotiated the return of the panama canal to panama, biggest triumph was the negotiation of camp david accords-egypt recognized israel
carter recognized the democratically elected sandinista government of nicaragua and maintained a position on human rights that condemned the ussr for its treatment of dissidents and jews for its invasion of afghanistan</p>

<p>iran hostage crisis- shiite muslims in iran blamed the us for selling arms to the deposed shah, 52 americans taken hostage, spent 444 days in captivity, released on the day of reagan’s inaguration in 1980</p>

<p>summary
new laws were enacted, accompanied by public discussions of race, gender, government lying, environmental damage, and the dangers of nuclear power, conservatives who were hurt with stagflation fought back hard, ERA defeated, while integration, affirmative action, right to have an abortion were under attack
carter’s deregulations and nixon’s new federalism were portents of the future</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>culture and social changes 1960s******</p>

<p>conflict historiography- study of how history is written, consensus historians of the 1950s emphasized compromise as the key characteristic of change, conflict historians believe that change occurs through conflict</p>

<p>new left-SDS, interested in social change, not explicitly socialist, even though many in the organizations were socialists, rejected the old left of stalinism, tried to differentiate themselves from the debates over totalitarianism by claiming that america did not need a police state to enforce equality</p>

<p>intro
protestors were ordinary people who were agents of change postwar booom, contrast with depression culture of parents</p>

<p>moral and intellectual roots
morale roots came from civil rights movement, intellectual from analysis of four main thinkers, encouraged free expression intellectually and sexually</p>

<p>cultural roots
jazz and blues, casual acceptance of marijuana, beats</p>

<p>political organizations
students for a democratic society- founded by port huron document which called for letting the people decide, educative creative work
SDS was a new left organization, when the vietnam war did not end in response to their demonstrations, some called for violence against the united states war machine, splitting sds up into factions
the weathermen decided to become terrorists in america to save the world from more vietnams, four weathermen died in an explosion in a townhouse in NYC, SDS terrorism died with them</p>

<p>free speech movement
UC berkeley, grew out of civil rights demonstrations in san francisco, students were fighting to be treated with respect, free speech movement of 1964 grew into an antiwar organization called vietnam day committee</p>

<p>yippies
hoffman organized a group of anarchists to oppose the war in vietnam, these yippies poured garbage bags full of dollar bills from the balcony onto the floor of the new york stock exchange, protested against war by marching with pictures of lyndon johnson upside down</p>

<p>black panthers
oakland, california, contradictory, huey newton, bobby seale, eldridge cleaver carried unconcealed weapons, demanded a socialist america that would protect all its citizens from violence and poverty, in the meantime, they would protect their community and provide breakfasts for poor black children, their speeches were long harangues</p>

<p>united farm workers
cesar chavez organized mexican migrant workers in california. they formed this union, called for boycotts of grapes and lettuce, also the american indian movement began to obtain equal rights for native americans, they led a protest at the historic site of the wounded knee massacre in 1973</p>

<p>currents in history writing
history discussed in terms of change, conflict historiography, everything no longer turned out for the best, not everyone agreed with the presidents, slavery and the lives of blacks, women, minorities were treated more extensively</p>

<p>music
motown, bob dylan, joan baez was the symbol of the fold revival, bob dylan wrote “like a rolling stone” a description of how hard it is to make choices for yourself when you have no one to take care of you</p>

<p>beatles and the rolling stones
beatles played on ed sullivan show, mick jagger explained that he had named his band the Rolling Stones after one of waters’ songs, the stones’ songs had more violence and hostility</p>

<p>classical music of india was brought to india by shankar, psychedelic rock through songs such as “lucy in the sky with diamonds” “purple haze”</p>

<p>monterey and woodstock
out door concerts, latter was a concert in which drugs and nudity were prevalent</p>

<p>hippies
readers of eastern philosophies of hinduism, buddhism, zen buddhism, taoism, one with nature-alan watts
timothy leary was the leader, believed that LSD could create the experience of contentment, “turn on, tune in, drop out” some joined communes, flocked to haight ashbury</p>

<p>summary
a movement culture developed, thousands of people would turn out for demonstrations, young people were listening to the same music, from dylan to the beatles, from hendrix to the stones, movement lost its steam by the 70s, the draft was ending to only those most committed to radical change were participating in antiwar activities
disco took over</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>vietnam war
1954-1975</p>

<p>domino theory- eisenhower era theory that one communist country would infiltrate its neighbors, kennedy, johnson, nixon also subscribed to this theory
doves-against vietnam war
escalation- increase in troops and intensity of involvement in vietnam war
guerrilla war- hit and run, ambushing the enemy, learned this from the indians
hawks- pro vietnam war
puppet regimes- government controlled by another power
south vietnam’s governments were controlled by the united states, diem was an american puppet
teach ins- educational protest at universities
vietnam revisionism- political position that claimed we could have won the war if he had tried harder, this is revisionist because the general consensus was that he lost and that the war was unwinnable</p>

<p>intro
picture of a buddhist monk immolating (set himself on fire for sacrifice), this protest against the us supported government of south vietnam was a dramatic intro to world changing events
2 million vietnamese, 60000 americans died in the conflict</p>

<p>growing american involvement in vietnam
FRANCE ruled vietnam, when the communist leader ho chi minh led a war of liberation, french forced to surrender</p>

<p>geneva accords- france and britain, ussr and china decided to divide vietnam into norht(communist) and south(non communist), us did not sign these accords</p>

<p>eisenhower and kennedy admin
containment, demino theory, eisenhower installed a puppet regime in south vietnam headed by diem
ho chi minh ruled the north
opposed to the us supported south vietnamese government were the vietcong and the national liberation front
eisenhower send 3000 military advisers to diem government, these advisers also fought
diem was unable to control the south because of the vietcong, burning monks protested the catholic french
1963 south vietnamese led a coup against the dient government</p>

<p>lyndon b johnson
texan, wanted to be greater than fdr, accused of ignorance he dragged the country into vietnam according to liberals, took advice of his harvard educated kennedy cabinet
1964 election, johnson ran against barry goldwater, lbj ran as a peace candidate, saying he would never send boys to asia</p>

<p>gulf of tonkin resolution
american destroyers were attacking targets in north vietnam, viernamese shot the US boat the maddox, an unprovoked attack, but not attack could be proven
lbj asked congress for an authorization to “repel any armed attack against the us”, this gulf of tonkin resolution was passed in congress, it was basically a declaration of war (1964)</p>

<p>the war
the enemy
moves such as full metal jacket “me so horny”<– lol, shows the frightening experiences of war
vietcong had booby traps, built tunnels, ho chi minh trails were routes carrying supplies from north to south
north vietnam was supported by russia and china</p>

<p>war strategies
vietnamese wanted independence
americans wanted a pro west government
after diem was killed, us installed a series of generals to run the government
more and more troops to vietnam, johnson tried to bomb the north into submission
rolling thunder, agent orange, napalm “we had to destroy the village in order to save it”</p>

<p>war on television
first television war, us blamed the antiwar protests on tv</p>

<p>growing antiwar protest
teach ins, sit ins held by students to obstruct the work of draft boards, to stop the CIA from recruiting, to stop buses from taking recruits to military bases, stop weapons research etc
30000 men went to canada</p>

<p>music
bob dylan named one of his tours rolling thunder</p>

<p>tet
crease fire was planned for the vietnamese new year, tet
the respite was broken by attacks on 100 towns in south vietnam, consequences were momentous, army and government were discredited, johnson’s “wise men” began to see that the war was unwinnable</p>

<p>1968 election
turbulent, robert kennedy and mccarty, both anti war
johnson didn’t run for reelection
robert kennedy assassinated
nixon and agnew nominated by the republicans, promised “peace with honor” spoke for the silent majority, nixon won</p>

<p>nixon and the war
vietnamize the war- us troops would train south vietnamese troops to fight on their own, america would try to win the hearts and minds of the vietnamese
nixon had kissinger arrange invasions of cambodia and laos to destroy the ho chi minh trail, this prompted the kent state demonstration</p>

<p>domestic strategy
nixon ended the draft, all volunteer army</p>

<p>pentagon papers
much of the true story of vietnam was revealed, revealed that johnson administration had lied about the success of the war, nixon tried to stop the publication of these papers, supreme court ruled against him</p>

<p>end of the war
nixon reelected against anitwar mcgovern
bad relations with congress, north vietnam would not give in, cease fire in 1973 arranged by kissinger, war was over when north vietnamese marched into saigon and changed its name to ho chi minh city</p>

<p>results
war powers act 1973, prevented president from sending troops without a vote by congress
voluntary army, 26th amendment reduced voting age to 18
issue of the prisoners of war and those missing in action lasted into the 1980s</p>

<p>summary
compare the vietnam war to american revolution</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>kennedy and johnson years</p>

<p>great society- lbj’s program to describe domestic programs
medicaid-health care for the needy
medicare- health insurance for people over 65
new frontier- jfk’s program
war on poverty-lbj’s slogan</p>

<p>kennedy administration
1960 election-first televised debates in history, kennedy became youngest president, and catholic, republican ticket was nixon and lodge</p>

<p>domestic issues- civil rights movement was main concern
attempts to introduce social reforms were turned down by congress, main problem rested with opposition from republicans and southern democrats
23rd amendment- permitted voters in washington dc to participate in presidential elections
baker v carr- federal courts have jurisdiction to ensure equal legislative representation</p>

<p>foreign affairs
cuban missile crisis
alliance for progress- kennedy hoped to stem communist expansion in latin america by providing funds for economic development, for improvements in schools, transportation, housing, public health, program had mixed results
peace corps-aid developing nations
“ich bin ein berliner speech” spoke of american willingness to defend berlin
nuclear test ban treaty-stop nuclear testing, only france and china didn’t sign the treaty
space program, first person on the moon
vietnam, believed in domino theory</p>

<p>assassination- lbj became president, lee harvey oswald shot kennedy, earl warren appointed to investigate the assassination, no conspiracy</p>

<p>johnson administration 1963-69
1964 election- pressed kennedy’s goals for social welfare legislation and civil rights, ran against barry goldwater, won</p>

<p>domestic issues- many legislative successes,
elementary and secondary education act 1965- federal aid to school districts, integrate schools
medicare and medicaid
VISTA- volunteers in service to america, domestic peace corps
war on poverty, economic opportunity act of 1964- created office of economic opportunity, established jobs, loans, head start, job corps
department of housing and urban development</p>

<p>supreme court kept trying to make for equality in legislative representation, wesberry v sanders, court held that congressional districts in a state must contain the same number of voters</p>

<p>cases concerning bill of rights
mapp v ohio= any evidence unreasonably acquired by police cannot be used in a trial
engel v vitale- no prayer in school
gideon v wainwright- right to have a lawyer
escobedo v illinois, right to be told that you can have a lawyer
miranda v arizona- police must inform an accused person of his rights</p>

<p>foreign affairs
escalating violence in vietman
immigration act of 1965 ended quotas, occupation and skills would be criteria for admission
june war- isreal victory over arab nations, ussr and us agreed to not send military aid intot eh region</p>

<p>summary
both lbj and jfk had visions for america that involved fighting communism, making americans healthier, safer, better educated, more economically secure</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>affluence and conservatism 1945-1960</p>

<p>anti communism in red scare of 1920s, mccarthyism of 1950s
blacklist- a list of persons who are denied employment
baby boom- from end of ww2 to 1964
consumer society- result of a general shift in society in 1920s characterized by a greater emphasis on purchasing goods
juvenile delinquency
loyalty oaths- weed out communists
mccarthyism- 1950s
rock and roll
suburbia
white flight</p>

<p>importance of military grew, suspicions about communists, time of conservativism</p>

<p>truman years 1945-1953
truman continued fdr’s new deal stuff under the name the fair deal
truman had difficulty with this program, popularity plummetted when democrats lost control of congress</p>

<p>political developments
conservative southern democrats broke away and formed the dixiecrat party</p>

<p>eisenhower years 1953-1961
nixon was running mate
ike was pro business, kept quiet as he saw the political usefulness of mccarthyism, warned against power of military industrial complex
sputnik orbited the earth, us passed national defense education act to prepare a future generation of scientists and technicians</p>

<p>anti communism
anticommunism grew to a fevered pitch with soviet american relations deteriorating, china becoming a communist nation, north korea attacking south korea
the entertainment industry, the teaching profession, government employees came under scrutiny</p>

<p>federal employee loyalty program- investigate federal employees for communist spies, to quiet republican critics who accused him of being soft on communism
congressional republicans passed the mccarren internal security act, which made it a crime for the replacement of the us government with a dictatorship
HUAC- investigated entertainment industry, hollywood ten were jailed
alger hiss was accused of spying for the soviet union
the rosenbergs were accused of passing atomic secrets to soviets
joseph mc carthy claimed to have a list of state department employees who were communists</p>

<p>greatest period of economic growth following ww2, africans did not share in this prosperity</p>

<p>truman lifted wartime price controls, prices soared, wages did not, workers huge strike, successful in bringing higher wages
taft hartley act- anti union, send workers back to work
merger of afl and cio 1955
consumerism, mcdonald’s</p>

<p>social trends
baby boom
move to suburbia, levittown, mass production of housing
GI bill 1944 low interest loans to homeowners
interstate highway act 1956 built roads
white flight
issues with redlining, covenants in some communities that prohibited selling homes to blacks</p>

<p>gender roles
woman was a housewife, freidan was a feminist, published feminine mystique</p>

<p>culture
television, people saw teenage years as problematic, rock and roll, many did not like conformity
beat movement flaunted convention</p>

<p>summary- 1950s was america’s moment in the sun, economic growth was unchallenged, military might surpassed ussr, new deal liberalism was in retreat, conservative atmosphere</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>the cold war…dun dun dun 1945-1963</p>

<p>containment-us sought to prevent the spread of communism
domino theory- eisenhower theory that one communist country would influence its neighbors
summit meeting- attended by leaders of two or more nations</p>

<p>mistrust between us and soviets, battle of words and propaganda, competition</p>

<p>agreements during ww1
mistrust among us britain and soviets
communist theory held that capitalist nations were enemies
there was allied support of anti communist white army during the russian civil war
us did not recognize ussr
dictatorial, police state policies of ussr were in sharp contrast with the democratic ideals of the west</p>

<p>only previous bond was opposition to nazi germany</p>

<p>tehran conference 1943-stalin fdr, and churchill, stalin agreed to bring ussr into war against japanese once germany was defeated, stalin rejected proposal to open another front in eastern europe</p>

<p>yalta conference 1945- agreed on united nations, denazification of germany, four occupation zones, disagreed on post war fate of eastern europe</p>

<p>potsdam conference- last meeting, truman, atlee and stalin, vague assurances about free elections in eastern europe</p>

<p>iron curtain emergence
stalin forced communist dictatorships on eastern european nations, these were satellite nations
churchill coined the term iron curtain</p>

<p>division of berlin-germany divided into occupation zones, berlin was itself divided</p>

<p>policy of containment-communist rebels captured northern greece, leading to greek civil war, similar rebellions in turkey and iran, in response truman announced the truman doctrine to support any free nation trying to resist communism
containment
marshall plan-economic assistance to help europe recover from ww2, only western european nations accepted the aid, truman doctrine and this plan were successful, western europe underwent economic recovery</p>

<p>division of germany
soviets cut off access routes between berlin and west, us established the berlin airflift, west germany established, east germany established</p>

<p>NATO
military alliances, 12 west european nations signed nato between us, britain, france, belgium, etc, established to coordinate the activities of the alliance, counter any soviet expansionism in europe</p>

<p>warsaw pact
response to nato in 1955, soviets pact</p>

<p>arms race
arms buildup, the two military alliances (nato and warsaw_ were reminders of the two armed camps that existed before ww1, more frightening because
NATO and warsaw had many more member nations
armed forces were larger
weapons were more deadly
great distrust and fear on both sides</p>

<p>Korean war and seato
cold war not confined to europe
mao zedong in china communist
kim sung in north korea
these nations were friendly with ussr
north korea attacks south korea 1950, united nations forces led by us went to war, lasted 3 years
north korea received weapons from ussr and china, north korea failed to conquer the south, therefore the us considered this failure a successful application of containment policy, status quo reestablished
1954 eisenhower created SEATO for asian nations</p>

<p>peaceful coexistence
stalin died in 1953(end of korean war)
khrushchev next leader, adopted this policy, a policy of peaceful competition between teh east and west that would be based on greater achievement as a means of influencing non allied nations
geneva summit was a breakthrough in trying to resolve the east west tensions</p>

<p>continued tension over berlin
khrushchev demanded that western powers remove all military equipment and personnel in six months or else he would turn the city over to east germany
russia captured an american u2 spy plane
berlin wall constructed, the western powers did nothing during its construction</p>

<p>global signs of cold war
europe- hungary tried to reduce connected with ussr, ussr mad, hungarian revolt occured
middle east- nasser sought assistance from us and ussr to construct a dam, accepted soviet aid, nasser tried to nationalize the suez canal, britain and france attacked egypt
eisenhower announced that us would send armed forces to any nation to the middle east that asked for help against communism, eisenhower doctrine(applied in lebanon)</p>

<p>latin america- fidel castro revolution against batista government, US initially recognized his government, castro was undemocratic, us formed a force of cuban rebels to overthrow this government, landed in bay of pigs(my username lol) during jfk’s presidency, but were defeated by cuba</p>

<p>castro’s anti american stance grew stronger, missiles built in cuba, ussr agreed to tear down missile bases, in turn, kennedy agreed to not invade cuba and to remove missiles from turkey</p>

[pigs_at_sea]

<p>US and WWI 1914-1920</p>

<p>vocab
alliances: self explanatory, cause of WWI, think about your friends…haha
imperialism: nation conquers other nations
militarism: development of large military forces for aggression(not defense)
nationalism: pride in nation</p>

<p>intro: Wilson wanted war, alied nations were suspicious of wilson at the peace table. his attempt to establish an international organization to prevent future wars was met with resistance by us, indicating a fear of war and desire for isolationism</p>

<p>world at war: competition among europe, hostility, triple entente(allies) were england, france, russia, central powers- germany, austria, italy
assassination of franz ferdinand, the archduke of austria by a serbian, alliances began working</p>

<p>US neutral: new technology, german U boats, sank british Lusitania 100 americans died, sank arabic, us protested, germany also attacked the sussex, a french ship with americans on board. agreed to sussex pledge no more attacks on unarmed vessels only if us could persuade britain to lift the blockade on germany
1917 kaiser resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, wilson wanted to “make the world safe for democracy”</p>

<p>US at war
liberty bonds issued to finance the war, CPI organized, civilian council of defense established, war industries board established, national war labor board established, food administration established, fuel administration established
espionage and sedition acts- 1917,1918 fined those who interfered with teh draft or sale of bonds, schenck v us-“clear and present danger” Schenck, a socialist, distributed leaflets to discourage men from entering the military, claimed he had the right to free speech, Justice Holmes disagreed
1918 WWI ended</p>

<p>peace, league of nations
european nations wanted revenge against germany for aggression, us little touched by the war
wilson’s 14 points:
end of secret alliances
freedom of the seas
establishment of equality in trade
arms reduction
self determination
return of alsace lorraine to france
league of nations to deal with world problems</p>

<p>allies only wanted revenge against germany, accepted article X of the fourteen points which called for the league of nations, wilson was disappointed
treaty of versailles- 9 new nations created, germany forced to pay reparations and stripped of its land, held responsible
Lodge rejected article X, fearful that it would lead the country into another war, wilson refused to compromise, congress defeated loge reservations</p>

<p>summary- wilson’s failure to gain approval for the treaty of versailles undermined any positive effects the league of nations might have had, harshness of this treaty placed germany in an economic depression, breeding ground for hitler</p>

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<p>Era- 1900-1920 progressive era</p>

<p>key terms
direct primary- allowed citizens rather than political machines to choose candidates for political office
initiative- enabled voters to introduce legislation
muckrakers- journalists who exposed urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, corruption blah
pragmatism- william james and john dewey
referendum- mechanism for voters to approve or object to legislation</p>

<p>the us experienced intense industrialization, rapid urbanization, growth of big business in 19th century, labor movement arose, middle class men and women put forth a series of proposals for incremental reforms to improve aspects of society</p>

<p>influences: pragmatism, Dewey argued that government actions should be judged by what good they do for society, influenced by move toward greater efficiency, social gospel belief that religious institutions should improve society, inspiration from populist movement and socialist party</p>

<p>reformers: middle class, professional people, doctors, social workers, scientists, managers, muckrakers’ work led to reforms, the Jungle led to passage of pure food and drug act, meat inspection act</p>

<p>women: active in movement, discontented with discrimination, denied right to participate in electoral system</p>

<p>issues
better government: aftermath of a hurricane in galveston texas, there were calls for a more efficient city government after the local machine proved incapable of dealing with it, political machines were replaced by commissioners who were selected to run the city departments, many cities replaced their mayor with a city mayor
state goernment: reform started in wisconsin with LaFollette, he insituted direct primary, initiative, referendum, recall(allowed citizens to cut short a politician’s term by calling for a special electrion)
national government: 17th amendment 1913 direct election of senators
suffrage: wanted voting privileges, by 1914 11 states gave women teh right to vote, 19th amendment of 1920 have all women right to vote</p>

<p>consumer protection: new laws called for truthful labeling of food and drugs, regulation of the insurance industry, and new building codes</p>

<p>protecting workers: The Jungle highlighted unsafe conditions in factories, workers’ compensation laws passed, worst accident in 1911, when 146 garment workers died in a fire at the triangle shirtwaist company in NYC, led to protests, stricter fire codes, abolition of labor for those under 14, progressive reformers paid special attention to addressing workplace issues relating to women and children, muller v Oregon- 10 hr workday, set a precedent of the supreme court using its power for social reform</p>

<p>progressive presidents: TR and wilson, taft
roosevelt administration: square deal, equal opportunity, trustbuster, targeted bad trusts, Hepburn Act-strengthened ICC, conservation- protecting the environment, national conservation committee created</p>

<p>taft- big stick, conservative, progressives pushed for lower tariffs, payne aldrich tariffy was a compromise measure, barely lowering tariffs, 16th amendment-federal income tax</p>

<p>1912 election- tensions within republican party, TR formed Bull Moose Party(progressive party), democratic Wilson won</p>

<p>wilson: second democrat to be elected since civil war, underwood tariff- reduced tariffs, Federal reserve act- address lack of a flexible currency, lack of stability, lack of central control over banking, Federal Reserve Bank created was able to regulate the money supply
federal trade commision- investigate dishonest business practices
clayton antitrust act-1914, stronger than sherman antitrust act</p>

<p>african americans
progressives did not address discrimination against blacks, plessy v ferguson, jim crow laws, kkk, wilson segragated government offices
Du Bois: NAACP, argued for immediate end to segregation
booker t washington: accomodationist, seek to improve through hard work</p>

<p>summary: progressive era established a more activist government, not hostile to business, many actually felt that eliminating the abusive practices of business would restore people’s faiths in the free market system, helped make political process more democratic</p>

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<p>Imperialism 1880-1914
dollar diplomacy- derisive term for us foreign policy designed to protect the interests of us corporations in latin america
protectorate- country whose affairs are controlled by a stronger country (cuba)
In the years before the civil war, Americans settled the land between the Mississippi River and the pacific ocean. Causes of imperialism were industrial development: us needed raw materials, military considerations: us saw itself in competition with european powers, Mahan argued that America needed to expand its military, social reasons: racism, superiority of anglo saxons, protestants felt a responsibility to bring their God to others, Pro-imperialist presidents: McKinley, TR, Taft</p>

<p>Hawaii- one of the first overseas acquisitions, sugar crop, us encouraged planters to rebel against Queen Lilioukalani, annexed in 1898
Spanish American War- independence movement in cuba, cuban sugar of interest, yellow journalism: aroused sympathy of American public for the Cubans fighting for independence from a European power(former spanish colony, obviously), de Lome letter: spanish minister wrote this to McKinley and criticized him for being weak, Maine sinks: explosion in havana harbor, 260 killed, us blamed spain</p>

<p>1898- war declared on spain, fighting took place in philippines, treaty of paris stipulated that Cuba would become independent, Guam and Puerto Rico to US, us pay spain 20 million for philippines</p>

<p>Aftermath: war created a small, far-flung empire for the Unitd States, did not grant philippines independence, Emilio led a rebellion in the philippines against US
Cuba received independence, but platt amendement gave us the right to intervene in cuban affairs, made cuba a protectorate, (us still has a naval base at Guantanamo bay)
Foraker Act denied US citizenship to puerto ricans, insular cases- “constitution doesn’t follow the flag”</p>

<p>Open Door Policy in China: china had vast population, nonexistent industrial capacity, European powers had spheres of influence there, us pushed for all nations to have equal access to china, helped suppress the boxer rebellion 1900</p>

<p>Panama Canal: TR president, connect pacific and atlantic oceans, facilitate trade between Asia and east coast US, more rapid deployment of US forces, rebellion of Colombia Panamanians, Varilla Treaty- us got the 10 mile wide canal zone, huge construction project lasted 10 years, panama canal increased us power, returned to panama in 1999 by carter</p>

<p>roosevelt corollary- TR wanted active role for us in latin america, “speak softly and carry a big stick” set forth that the United States would intervene in Latin America if us investments were threatened</p>

<p>taft, dollar diplomacy, anti-imperialists: taft was a republican who succeeded roosevelt, critics of imperialism used dollar diplomacy to imply that business interests drove us foreign policy, anti imperialist league formed-pointed out racist assumptions in the belief that native peoples could not rule themselves</p>

<p>summary: america from 1890s to WWI established the country as a presence on the world stage, opened new markets, made an effort to avoid direct control over foreign lands, it attempted to establish a series of relationships that safeguarded us interests, end of us isolationism</p>