<p>reconstruction**** 1865-1896</p>
<p>black codes- restrict rights of blacks after civil war
carpetbaggers- northerners who went to the south to promote reform to gain profit
grandfather clauses- allowed whites who could not pass literacy tets to vote, have the right to vote to people whose grandfatehrs had been eligible to vote
jim crow= separation between races
literacy tests- to prevent blacks from voting
poll tax- also to prevent blacks from voting
scalaways- white southerners who cooperated with reconstruction governments
tenant farming- farm workers supply their own tools, rent land, have more control over their work
veto- power of the president to reject legislation</p>
<p>introduction
thaddeus stevens was a radical republican, wanted sweeping changes in the south</p>
<p>lincoln’s 10 percent plan
wanted to bring union back together quickly and easily, his opnion that the southern states never actually seceded
“malice toward none, charity toward all” plan was designed to let states re enter teh union if 10 peercent of the state’s voters swore allegiance, intended to pardon highest ranking confederate officers
radical republicans passed the wade davis bill, which was vetoed by lincoln, would have make reconstruction the responsibiilty of congress</p>
<p>johnson took presidency after lincoln’s assassination
plan allowed states to enter the union if they ratified the 13th amendment, which prohibited slavaery and pledge allegiance to the union
johnson did little to help the freed men and women</p>
<p>failures of reconstruction
events in the south led republicans to have doubts about johnson’s reconstruction
souther legislatures passed black codes to define legal status for blacks
restricted blacks from carrying weapons, starting their own business, owning land, marrying whites, restored many aspects of slavery
kkk formed 1866</p>
<p>radical reconstruction
eventually led to congressional control over reconstruction, “south may have lost the war, but it won the peace”</p>
<p>radicals refused to seat recently elected southern legislatures
enlarged freedmen’s buraeu, pass a civil rights act guaranteeing blacks citizenship
johnson saw these as a threat to his power
radicals drafted 14th amendment which made all persons born in the us citizens
equal protection</p>
<p>johnson urged states to reject 14th amendment on the grounds that it was too harsh on ex confederates</p>
<p>reconstruction act of 1867 over johnson’s veto, divided remaining confederate states into five military districts, to be eligible for readmission to the union, southern states had to call enw constitutional conventions, ratify the 14th amendment, guarantee african americans the right to vote</p>
<p>congressional republicans passed the tenure of office act to protect its allies in johnson’s cabinet
johnson suspended stanton, radicals voted to impeach johnson
johnson remained in office, very weak</p>
<p>grant won 1868 presidency with half a million black votes
radicals drafted 15th amendment guaranteed blacks the right to vote</p>
<p>radical reconstruction
sweeping changes, families reunited, physically rebuild the south, built roads, railroads, schools, other institutions</p>
<p>carpetbaggers and scalawags</p>
<p>blacks were elected to local office, state legislatures</p>
<p>economic change was slow, government never implemented “40 acres and a mule”
most blacks settled into the sharecropping system, few became landowners</p>
<p>end of reconstruction
gradually ended, southern democrats redemption
democrats agreed to let hayes occupy the white house in return with a agreemtn to remove federal troops from the south
compromise of 1877 ended reconstruction</p>
<p>post reconstruction south
redeemer governments instituted a series of sweeping changes</p>
<p>denying blacks the vote
poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses</p>
<p>legal segregation with jim crow, plessy v feguson</p>
<p>volience, kkk</p>
<p>reconstruction is generally considered a tragic failure, but it provided blacks with gains such as public education and a degree of political participation, inspiration for civil rights movement</p>