<p>Many of the Jesuit colleges have what is called a core curriculum, where you have to select a certain number of hours from a specific list of classes.</p>
<p>I think even some non Jesuit colleges have something similar.</p>
<p>Does Bama have a core curriculum, where they’re more restrictive on general ed courses, or do they give students more freedom to choose non major courses to fulfill degree requirements?</p>
<p>Most colleges have minimum Core Curriculum (aka General Ed) requirements. [The</a> Office of The University Registrar - The University of Alabama](<a href=“http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/core_requirements_after.html]The”>http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/core_requirements_after.html)</p>
<p>Bama has a very broad list of classes that can be used to fulfill various req’ts.<br>
[The Office of The University Registrar - The University of Alabama](<a href=“http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/composition.html”>Academic Records Policies – The Office of the University Registrar – The University of Alabama | The University of Alabama) **Click on each RED TAB **to get the choices a student can choose to fulfill core req’ts.</p>
<p>In addition to the classes listed under each RED TAB, nearly all University Honors Program courses can count towards the Core Curriculum.</p>
<p>Also, AP credits often take the place of many Core requirements.</p>
<p>**However, Engineering majors have less requirements. **[The</a> Office of The University Registrar - The University of Alabama](<a href=“http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/core_requirements_engineer.html]The”>http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/core_requirements_engineer.html)</p>
<hr>
<p>Here’s the Core Req’s/Gen Ed requirements for Non-Engineering majors</p>
<p>To achieve a general education while pursuing a specific concentration in a chosen field of study, each undergraduate student shall construct a curriculum that includes course work in the following areas. </p>
<p>6 semester hours of written composition (FC) </p>
<p>6 semester hours in 300-400 level courses, preferably in the student’s major, approved for the writing (W) designation. The (W) designation indicates that one of the conditions for a passing grade is that students write coherent, logical, and carefully edited prose in a minimum of two papers, at least one of which will be graded and returned before mid-semester. All (W) designated courses are taught and graded by instructors who have at least the master’s degree and preferably are limited to an enrollment of no more 35 students. The (W) requirement must be satisfied in courses taken on this campus. </p>
<p>6 semester hours of one of the following:
6 semester hours in courses that are approved for the computer (C) designation. These courses either substantially integrate the application of appropriate software or require writing computer programs. Students must make extensive use of the computer as a condition for passing the course. Courses approved for the (C) designation assume that students have a working knowledge of the computer.
OR
Two semesters in one foreign language (FL). A grade of “C” or higher must be earned in the first-semester course of the two-semester sequence that fulfills the requirement before the student will be allowed to enroll in the second semester course. Students with two or more high school units of a foreign language will be assigned to foreign language courses by the foreign language advisers on the basis of placement test scores. Students placed into FR 103, SP 103 or intermediate courses (FR 201, SP 201) will satisfy this requirement in one semester.
Note: These six hours are in addition to the requirements for humanities or mathematics. </p>
<p>12 semester hours of courses approved for the humanities, literature, and fine arts (HU, L, & FA) designation to include 3 semester hours of courses approved for the fine arts (FA) designation and 3 semester hours of courses approved for the literature (L) designation* </p>
<p>12 semester hours of courses approved for the history and social and behavioral sciences (SB) designation to include 3 semester hours of courses approved for the history (HI) designation and 6 semester hours of courses approved for the social and behavioral sciences (SB) designation. *
<p>11 semester hours of courses approved for the natural sciences and mathematics designation (N & MA) to include 8 semester hours of courses approved for the natural sciences (N) designation and 3 semester hours of courses approved for the mathematics (MA) designation. This mathematics requirement must be satisfied with MATH 110 or higher. A student must complete both the lecture and the lab in order to use either the lecture or the lab to fulfill the natural sciences (N) general studies core curriculum requirement. </p>
<p>Pre-professional, major, and/or elective courses applicable to the student’s declared major program of study. Students are to consult with their major department/program area for specific course designations that fulfill this requirement. </p>
<p>A course may be used to satisfy only one core requirement. For example: if a course carries a designation for both foreign language (FL) and humanities (HU), it may only be used to satisfy one of the requirements. An additional course or courses must be completed to satisfy the remaining requirement. </p>
<p>A student may satisfy some general education course requirements by demonstration of competence on a proficiency examination such as the CLEP subject examination. </p>
<p>Review of general education courses is an ongoing process. New courses may be approved and added to the list of those that meet general education requirements. The general education designation for existing courses may be discontinued. A course carries general education designation if the course is approved at the time the course is taken. The student must consult the general education designations as found in the appropriate section of the Schedule of Classes to ensure that the general education designation is in effect at the time the course is taken. </p>
<p>General education credit may be earned for courses taken at another institution, provided the courses transfer as the equivalent of courses that have been approved for general education credit at The University of Alabama. The (W) requirement must be satisfied with courses taken at The University of Alabama.</p>
<p>Mom, you are awesome! Thanks! If son double majors in biology, which is under a different college than engineering, and the other major is mech eng, can some gen ed courses count for both degrees, or will he have to take double? I’m assuming he won’t have to take freshman english twice. But if he majors in biology and mech eng, I’m guessing he’ll have to take a foreign language. He took Latin and Greek in high school, though he did get a 4 on his Latin AP test. </p>
<p>We are definitely going to check out those approved courses. </p>
<p>Thanks so much again for your help.</p>
<p>He won’t have to do double requirements. If he fulfills the non-engineer core req’ts, I think he’s fulfilled the eng’r core. (But not the other way around since all the eng’g req’ts are in the non-eng’g req’ts). </p>
<p>My DS2 is in the same situation - double majoring in engineering and bio. He keeps forgetting to ask if he can just follow the engineering core req’ts or does he need to fulfil/ the non-engineer req’ts. We’ll try to find out this week.</p>
<p>AP Latin…</p>
<p>Latin–Virgil 3… 3…LA 101 …3 …FL
Latin–Catullus–Horace… 3 …LA 102 …3… FL </p>
<p>3 Students may not receive credit for AP courses and placement credit for language study in high school.</p>
<p>However, if your son needs to only follow the engineering core req’ts, I don’t think a foreign language is req’d. A student can take Computer language classes instead.</p>
<p>Any recommendations for science core classes for humanities majors?
D needs a non-science major type course that fulfills the requirement. She is honors college if they offer something unusual or creative.</p>
<p>Off hand, I don’t know of any non-science UHP classes that fulfill the Science req’t. However, every semester the Honors College offers different UHP classes (some super popular ones do repeat each semester), it’s hard to say whether science (N) ones will be offered in the future. (I’ll find the list for spring and post.)</p>
<p>But, there are classes that aren’t “hard science” that liberal arts kids sometimes take…such as Astronomy, Natural Science, Geography (The Dynamic Earth, The Earth Through Time), Bio for non-majors, Intro to Chem for non-majors, and some Freshmen Seminar science courses.</p>
<p>Natural Science tab… [The</a> Office of The University Registrar - The University of Alabama](<a href=“http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/natural_science.html]The”>http://registrar.ua.edu/curriculum/natural_science.html)</p>
<p>catfan,</p>
<p>My D is attending Bama next year as an Elem Ed major, non-Honors student, so these courses may not be exactly what your D is looking for. 
That said, this is a list of science courses for Elem Ed majors (suggested coursework from the Educ website) that might be of some interest to you…</p>
<p>CH 107 Intro to Chem/Non-Majors
PH 115 Descriptive Physics
GEO 101 Intro to Geology
GY 101 Principles Physical Geography
AY 101 & 102 Intro to Astronomy
CH 101 General Chemistry
CH 104 Intro to Chemistry
BSC 108 Intro to Biology for Non-Majors
BSC 109 Intro to Biology for Non-Majors II
BSC 114 Principles of Biology I (plus BSC 115 Lab Biology I)</p>
<p>I’m sure some of the current students or parents could speak to these. Hope that helps! :)</p>
<p>I was going to recommend astronomy as well. Not many colleges offer astronomy, and if BAma does, I would recommend taking it as a gen ed science class. Heck, my son will probably take it even though he’ll major in mech eng and bio. I know they’re all trying to fit in their required courses in four years, but I urge everyone to let your kid explore some courses they would never otherwise get to take. I mean, when you get out in the working world, night courses will be available, if you’re young and single and have a 40 hour week job, but when else are you going to take such neat courses?</p>
<p>The UHP classes fulfill the following req’ts…</p>
<p>**Fine Arts Courses <a href=“FA”>/B</a></p>
<p>*Social & Behavioral Science Courses <a href=“SB”>/B</a>
*UHP students can take IHP courses to satisfy UHP and SB
core cirriculum courses (The Culture and Human Experience class is very interesting)</p>
<p>**Humanities Courses <a href=“H”>/B</a></p>
<p>300 level **Writing Courses<a href=“W”>/B</a></p>
<p>To give you an example of a few of the various UHP classes offered this spring…</p>
<p>**SURVEY: DIALOGUE IN THE HUMANITIES<a href=“H,%20HU”>/B</a> (3 Credit Hours)
UH 101 006 15206 TR 12:30-1:45 Florey, B 292 NT
UH 101 007 15207 TR 02:00-3:15 Florey, B 173 NT
This seminar will focus on love, war, and global Diasporas. In exploring these concepts, we’ll distinguish among the several meanings of the word, “dialogue.” We’ll view clips and movies, read books, have visiting speakers, and create lively discussions. Be prepared for a consciousness-raising experience! </p>
<p>**HONORS SURVEY: SOCIAL CHANGE <a href=“H,%20HU”>/B</a> (3 credits)
UH 101 009 19070 MWF 01:00 – 01:50 Brewer, D. 283 NT
This is a discussion-based course exploring the nature of social change and its influence on and by societal values. It features a significant service learning component that requires students to participate in at least 20 hours of service learning in the Tuscaloosa area (as logged in SL Pro), and to also reflect on the course material through the lens of the service learning in a weekly journal. FRESHMAN SEMINAR: Issues in American Politics (H, HU) (3 Credit Hours) UH 155 001 13643 W 03:00-05:30 Steinfels, M 292 NT
This course examines key issues in U.S. politics, including education, health care, immigration, and criminal justice. Students do research and present papers related to these topics. NOTE: Course open to UHP FRESHMEN ONLY.</p>
<p>**FRESHMAN SEMINAR: Judicial Procedure<a href=“H,%20HU”>/B</a> (3 Credit Hours)
UH 155 002 15167 TR 09:30 – 10:45 Watkins, J 283 NT
Course content includes legal reasoning, court structures, trial procedures, the jury and jury trials, legal education, the structure of the legal profession, criminal procedure and criminal punishment, including the capital punishment question. NOTE: Course open to UHP FRESHMEN ONLY.</p>
<p>**FRESHMAN SEMINAR: International War Crimes <a href=“H,%20HU”>/B</a> (3 Credit Hours)
UH 155 003 15168 TR 11:00 – 12:15 Watkins, J 292 NT
Course covers international war crime trials from WW-I through recent U.S Supreme Court decisions after 9/11 to include emphasis on the Nuremberg Trials and the Tokyo trials after WW-II, Vietnam, the Balkan Cases and the international terrorism issue as well as the formation of the International Criminal Court in l998. NOTE: Course open to UHP FRESHMEN ONLY. </p>
<p>**HONORS CLASSICS AND WESTERN CULTURE I<a href=“H,%20HU”>/B</a> (3 Credit Hours)
UH 201 001 16819 MWF 12:00-12:50 Ulmer, B 292 NT
This course introduces students to the western literary canon from the ancient to the medieval period. Writers to be studied include Homer, Sophocles, Virgil, and Dante. </p>
<p>HONORS FINE ARTS (FA) (3 Credit Hours)
Arts and Parody [my note: DS1 loved this class and the prof - very fun and interesting class!]
UH 210 001 13502 MWF 11:00 – 11:50 Cary, L 283 NT
UH 210 002 14200 TR 11:00 - 12:15 Cary, L 283 NT
Arts and Parody will explore both parodies and the works parodied, using examples from literature, music, the visual arts, and architecture in an attempt to define parody as a genre.</p>
<p>HONORS FINE ARTS (FA) (3 Credit Hours)
Behind the British Mask
UH 210 003 17975 TR 08:00 – 09:15 Florey, B 283 NT
We will examine the role British theatre has played in British culture and in American society. Because London is the theatre capital of the world, we will explore the political and cultural elements in modern British drama, emphasizing its artistic and creative components. Students will discuss plays, view clips, write critical analyses (or an original work), and attend a University of Alabama play. Some of the plays we’ll read include Copenhagen, Billy Elliot, Take Me Out, Frozen, and two plays from the 2007 London theater season.</p>
<p>HONORS FINE ARTS (FA) (3 Credit Hours)
Documentary Film Making: Lights, Camera, Alabama!
UH 210 004 13564 M 03:00-05:30 Field, B 173 NT
UH 210 005 13566 M 07:00-09:30 Field, B 173 NT
…Making a Movie about Alabama History
Students will learn to write a documentary script about Alabama history and turn that script into a movie through directing, shooting, editing and posting to the Alabama History Screening Room (on the internet). K-12 students are required to study 23 episodes of state history. Honors Student, working with a production team, will make a movie about one of these episodes, learning research techniques, history, writing, acting, directing, video, digital editing, scoring and posting a movie to the internet. Course will work in conjunction with theatre department, history, art and music.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Social Entrepreneurship
UH 300 001 14901 M 02:00 – 04:30 Bloom, S 283 NT
What is it that distinguishes the work of social entrepreneurs? Learn about remarkable people affecting the lives of the underserved through their ability to foster social change. Class readings and discussion will also help you develop a deeper understanding of global issues and current events and perhaps discover the seeds of social entrepreneurship within yourself. This course is not open to freshmen.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Finding Financial Freedom
UH 300 002 13507 MWF 11:00 – 11:50 Brakefield, J 173 NT
This three semester hour course is designed to provide the tools and techniques necessary for the development of a successful personal financial plan over one’s life span. Topics are fully explained and fundamentals thoroughly examined commencing with money management and credit use, progressing to investments, insurance, and retirement planning, and culminating in estate planning and wealth accumulation. This course carries a writing designation.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Honors Legal Writing
UH 300 003 14932 TR 02:00 – 03:15 Emens, P 102 MA
UH 300 004 14933 TR 03:30 – 04:45 Emens, P 102 MA
Unraveling legalese: Introduction to the Principles of Legal Writing. Discover the secrets shared by legal giants Denny Crane, Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts, Perry Mason, and Justice Hugo Black. Enhanced by film clips and current events, this seminar writing class will focus on the reasoning and writing skills necessary to communicate in the legal arena. Not for the faint hearted.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
First Person [my note: DS1 took this and really liked the class and the prof.)
UH 300 005 14934 T 03:00 – 05:30 Mason, C 151 NT
This course is designed to teach students to express their opinions persuasively through the art of first-person writing. They will read and critique current political, music, art and movie commentary by syndicated columnists and featured writers from newspaper, magazine, Web and National Public Radio. A wide variety of assignments include local restaurant, political, event and band reviews along with first person essay writing. Students will write, edit and produce a 3-minute video for the NPR project, ―This I Believe.‖</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Behind the Iron Curtain: Ordinary Life during the Rise and Fall of East Germany
UH 300 006 14938 T,R 04:00-05:15 Guenzel, S 246 BC
This course examines the lives of people in East Germany during the 40 years of its existence—their enthusiasm and initial commitment to build a new government structure after WWII and the gradual disintegration of the socialist system, when corruption and scarcity manifested themselves in the lives of the ruling working class.
Three movies will enhance students’ understanding of changes taking place in the Eastern part of Germany. Currently considered for viewing and discussion are The Good German (2006), The Lives of Others (2006), and Good-Bye, Lenin (2004).</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Women from Antiquity to Today
UH 300 007 14948 MWF 12:00 – 12:50 Summers, T 375 BD
This course on ―Women from Antiquity through Today‖ will focus on the life of women in ancient Greece and the origins of patriarchy, in order to trace some of the social problems women encounter today. Critical information will be leaned from the representation and perception of women in ancient laws, medical science, religion, literature, and art. Findings in the ancient world will serve as a sounding board for comparisons with modern laws, medical practices, and representations of women in literature and art (paintings, movies, etc.) that still convey some of the ancient archetypes and norms. The goal of the course is to bridge the gap between the genders by achieving two things: First, by understanding the ancient origins of male misconceptions about women, and second by proposing ways of altering the archetypes that govern them. Promoting a dialogue between the sexes is extremely useful for both male and female students who are able to gain a greater insight in the psyche of the opposite gender.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Politics, History, Writing, & Machiavelli
UH 300 008 14951 TR 12:30 – 01:45 Godorecci, B 246 BC
The course “Politics, History, Writing, and Machiavelli” will focus on several of Machiavelli’s most famous works, The Prince, The Discourses, and The Mandrake, while looking attentively at the times in which he was writing and the manner in which he wrote. Students will also be reading another of Machiavelli’s comedies, Clizia, along with its imitative forerunner, Plautus’ Casina. In addition to our examination of Machiavelli’s thought on topics such as history, “political science,” imitation, and theater, we will also discuss Machiavelli’s position regarding the querelle on language, the so-called “questione della lingua,” as expressed in his work, A Dialogue on Language.
It is the aim of this course to examine Machiavelli’s works in detail while considering his relevance for other major European thinkers and writers, such as William Shakespeare.
Texts: Machiavelli, Niccol</p>
<p>catfan,</p>
<p>Just came across one more science course on the list of what I’m assuming are for non-science majors:</p>
<p>AEM 130 Intro to Artificial Intell Systems</p>
<p>Hmm…</p>
<p>*I was going to recommend astronomy as well. Not many colleges offer astronomy, and if BAma does, I would recommend taking it as a gen ed science class. Heck, my son will probably take it even though he’ll major in mech eng and bio. I know they’re all trying to fit in their required courses in four years, but I urge everyone to let your kid explore some courses they would never otherwise get to take. I mean, when you get out in the working world, night courses will be available, if you’re young and single and have a 40 hour week job, but when else are you going to take such neat courses? *</p>
<p>I agree! While looking thru some of the latest UHP classes and some of the regular Core classes, I keep thinking, “gee…that would be fun to take.”</p>
<p>Here’s a few more examples…</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Leaders Like You
UH 300 023 15353 W 03:00-05:50 Reyes, R. 283 NT
This course will survey some of the great young business and social leaders of our time. Students will study familiar names, such as Jack Dorsey of Twitter, Zuckerberg from Facebook, and profile others such as CNN’s youngest anchor, Nicole Lapin, and Maahjid Nawaz of the Quiliam Foundation, among others. Explore how people like you have redefined business and leadership worldwide and empowered youth to do the same.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Heroes of Faith and Social Justice in the 20th Century: Mahatma Ghandi, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
UH 300 026 15452 MWF 12:00-12:50 Herwig, T 283 NT
UH 300 027 15543 MWF 09:00-09:50 Herwig, T 283 NT
This course introduces three symbolic figures for the commitment to peace and justice(Mahatma Ghandi, Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Luther King Jr) and the specific context of the conflicts with which they are associated. While the name of Gandhi is connected to the decolonization of India, Bonhoeffer was a prophetic figure within the resistance against National Socialism in Germany. King symbolizes the fight for equal rights of the African American minority in the USA. These men represent three continents (Asia, Europe, America), two religions (Christianity and Hinduism), and one vision (freedom). Finally, they shared the fate of becoming martyrs because of their call to speak out the truth and to encourage others not to reconcile themselves to unjust conditions. History, biography, political ideas, religion, ethics and spirituality will be objectives of the discussion that might help the participants to understand the structure of specific oppression and to reflect upon different ways to overcome it.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Spirit in Colors: Spiritual Figures in the Fine Arts, Literature, Music and Film
UH 300 028 17009 MWF 11:00-11:50 Herwig, T 292 NT
This course introduces great spiritual figures, their life stories and teachings as featured in great art. We will rediscover biblical characters from the Old and New Testament like Abraham and Sarah, Moses and Miriam, David and Bathsheba, Jesus of Nazareth, his mother Mary and Mary Magdalene, from medieval times Hildegard von Bingen and St. Francis, ending with Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora. We will read the basic biblical texts in confrontation with their various depictions and illustrations by artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo, Rembrandt, and Chagall; composers like Schoenberg, Strauss, and Messiaen; movie directors like Pasolini, Scorsese, and Gibson. In this context, we will discuss theories about the connection of spirituality and the arts in order to outline perspectives of a promising cooperation between religion and culture in our time.</p>
<p>HONORS INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE (3 Credit Hours)
Introduction to Clinical Medicine
UH 330 001 TBA TBA 03:30-5:30 Burgess, K Dean’s Conf. Room
UMC
This course is designed to acquaint students with the major patterns of illness in the U.S. and with the medical disciplines that treat those diseases. Limited to junior and senior students who are in the University Honors Program. Only 10 seats available.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 credits)
Myth and Reality of Espionage
UH 300 015 16941 MWF 08:00 – 08:50 Schwab, S 292 NT
The seminar will follow the general themes of myth vs. reality in the world of espionage. We shall focus on spy novels, especially the works of Graham Greene and John le Carre to develop the spy storyteller’s craft. The texts we shall read will grapple with the moral questions raised in espionage—the manipulation of other human beings, its alleged justification in protecting the national interests of one’s country, the long-term corrosive effects of deceit and clandestinity on the soul of the spymaster, the role of the spy bureaucracy, and the attraction of the game of espionage for its own sake. The works of fiction will then be contrasted with the true lives of master spies—double agents—including Kim Philby, Aldrich Ames, and Richard Hannsen, posing the question whether the myth of espionage is stranger than the real thing.</p>
<p>HONORS SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINAR (W) (3 Credit Hours)
Insights into French Culture
UH 300 017 14619 R 03:30-06:00 Coquet-Mokoko, C. 292 NT
This class will address in an interactive manner the evolution of modern French society with regard to tradition and modernity, gender roles, racial and ethnic issues, work ethics, politics, the place given to the young French, the tension between Paris and the other regions of France, the place of religions in the mapping of the separation between church and state, and the cultural role of French cuisine. Students will be encouraged to interact directly with French students their age who specialize in American studies, so as to gain from a diversity of perspectives on these topics.</p>
<p>Having fun looking at the course schedule, found astronomy and some great computer courses. Yea, they teach JAVA and C++! How do I find these classes you list above and the detailed descriptions? There has to be some sort of prereqs for some of these 300 level courses, though, right?</p>
<p>I found the link on the Honors College website. <a href=“http://honors.cbhp.ua.edu/uploads/forms/Current%20Students/honorscourses_spring2010.pdf[/url]”>http://honors.cbhp.ua.edu/uploads/forms/Current%20Students/honorscourses_spring2010.pdf</a></p>
<p>The 300 level classes have the “W” designation (they fulfill the upper division Writing req’ts). DS2 took one w/o any pre-reqs (I think). It would make sense that a student should have completed the Freshmen Comp (FC) req’ts first. However, a 4 in AP English (either one) gives credit for both FC req’ts.</p>
<p>Thanks for all the science recommendations. Nice to see there are non “hard science” options to fulfill the requirement.</p>
<p>The only time when classes would need to be repeated is when they count for more than one of the student’s majors/minors that is managed through the College of Arts and Sciences, ie the physics classes taken for a physics major can’t be applied to an astronomy minor unless they are just satisfying core requirements. A&S seems to be the only one with this rule. Otherwise, take whatever course sounds fun and meets core requirements.</p>